Methods and compositions for the specific inhibition of gene expression by double-stranded RNA

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed to compositions and methods for selectively reducing the expression of a gene product from a desired target gene in a cell, as well as for treating diseases caused by the expression of the gene. More particularly, the invention is directed to compositions that contain double stranded RNA (“dsRNA”), and methods for preparing them, that are capable of reducing the expression of target genes in eukaryotic cells. The dsRNA has a first oligonucleotide sequence that is between 25 and about 30 nucleotides in length and a second oligonucleotide sequence that anneals to the first sequence under biological conditions. In addition, a region of one of the sequences of the dsRNA having a sequence length of at least 19 nucleotides is sufficiently complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the RNA produced from the target gene to trigger the destruction of the target RNA by the RNAi machinery.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/548,965, filed 27 Aug. 2009, which in turn is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/138,215 filed 12 Jun. 2008, which in turn is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/079,906 filed 15 Mar. 2005, which in turn is related to and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/553,487 filed 15 Mar. 2004. Each application is incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The present invention was made in part with Government support under Grant Numbers AI29329 and HL074704 awarded by the National Institute of Health. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

SEQUENCE SUBMISSION

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is entitled 1954554SequenceListing.txt, was created on 5 Jul. 2011 and is 26 kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the Sequence Listing is part of the present application and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention, and in particular, cases to provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference, and for convenience are referenced in the following text by author and date and are listed alphabetically by author in the appended bibliography.

The present invention pertains to compositions and methods for gene-specific inhibition of gene expression by double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) effector molecules. The compositions and methods are useful in modulating gene expression in a variety of applications, including therapeutic, diagnostic, target validation, and genomic discovery.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been demonstrated in a variety of systems including plants (post-transcriptional gene suppression) (Napoli et al., 1990), fungi (quelling) (Romano and Marcino, 1992), and nematodes (RNA interference) (Fire et al., 1998). Early attempts to similarly suppress gene expression using long dsRNAs in mammalian systems failed due to activation of interferon pathways that do not exist in lower organisms. Interferon responses are triggered by dsRNAs (Stark et al., 1998). In particular, the protein kinase PKR is activated by dsRNAs of greater than 30 bp long (Manche et al., 1992) and results in phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α which leads to arrest of protein synthesis and activation of 2′S′-oligoadenylate synthetase (2′-5′-OAS), which leads to RNA degradation (Minks et al., 1979).

In Drosophila cells and cell extracts, dsRNAs of 150 bp length or greater were seen to induce RNA interference while shorter dsRNAs were ineffective (Tuschl et al., 1999). Long double-stranded RNA, however, is not the active effecter molecule; long dsRNAs are degraded by an RNase III class enzyme called Dicer (Bernstein et al., 2001) into very short 21-23 bp duplexes that have 2-base 3′-overhangs (Zamore et al., 2000). These short RNA duplexes, called siRNAs, direct the RNAi response in vivo and transfection of short chemically synthesized siRNA duplexes of this design permits use of RNAi methods to suppress gene expression in mammalian cells without triggering unwanted interferon responses (Elbashir et al., 2001a). The antisense strand of the siRNA duplex serves as a sequence-specific guide that directs activity of an endoribonuclease function in the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade target mRNA (Martinez et al., 2002).

In studying the size limits for RNAi in Drosophila embryo extracts in vitro, a lower threshold of around 38 bp double-stranded RNA was established for activation of RNA interference using exogenously supplied double-stranded RNA and duplexes of 36, 30, and 29 bp length (Elbashir et al., 2001b). The short 30-base RNAs were not cleaved into active 21-23-base siRNAs and therefore were deemed inactive for use in RNAi (Elbashir et al., 2001b). Continuing to work in the Drosophila embryo extract system, the same group later carefully mapped the structural features needed for short chemically synthesized RNA duplexes to function as siRNAs in RNAi pathways. RNA duplexes of 21-bp length with 2-base 3′-overhangs were most effective, duplexes of 20, 22, and 23-bp length had slightly decreased potency but did result in RNAi mediated mRNA degradation, and 24 and 25-bp duplexes were inactive (Elbashir et al., 2001c).

Some of the conclusions of these earlier studies may be specific to the Drosophila system employed. Other investigators established that longer siRNAs can work in human cells. However, duplexes in the 21-23-bp range have been shown to be more active and have become the accepted design (Caplen et al., 2001). Essentially, chemically synthesized duplex RNAs that mimicked the natural products that result from Dicer degradation of long duplex RNAs were identified to be the preferred compound for use in RNAi. Approaching this problem from the opposite direction, investigators studying size limits for RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans found that although a microinjected 26-bp RNA duplex could function to suppress gene expression, it required a 250-fold increase in concentration compared with an 81-bp duplex (Parrish et al., 2000).

Despite the attention given to RNAi research recently, the field is still in the early stages of development. Not all siRNA molecules are capable of targeting the destruction of their complementary RNAs in a cell. As a result, complex sets of rules have been developed for designing RNAi molecules that will be effective. Those having skill in the art expect to test multiple siRNA molecules to find functional compositions. (Ji et al., 2003) Some artisans pool several siRNA preparations together to increase the chance of obtaining silencing in a single study. (Ji et al., 2003) Such pools typically contain 20 nM of a mixture of siRNA oligonucleotide duplexes or more (Ji et al., 2003), despite the fact that a siRNA molecule can work at concentrations of 1 nM or less (Holen et al., 2002). This technique can lead to artifacts caused by interactions of the siRNA sequences with other cellular RNAs (“off target effects”). (Scherer et al., 2003) Off target effects can occur when the RNAi oligonucleotides have homology to unintended targets or when the RISC complex incorporates the unintended strand from and RNAi duplex. (Scherer et al., 2003) Generally, these effects tend to be more pronounced when higher concentrations of RNAi duplexes are used. (Scherer et al., 2003)

In addition, the duration of the effect of an effective RNAi treatment is limited to about 4 days (Holen et al., 2002). Thus, researchers must carry out siRNA experiments within 2-3 days of transfection with an siRNA duplex or work with plasmid or viral expression vectors to obtain longer term silencing.

The invention provides compositions useful in RNAi for inhibiting gene expression and provides methods for their use. In addition, the invention provides RNAi compositions and methods designed to maximize potency, potentially increase duration of action and ease site selection criteria, while minimizing “off target effects.” These and other advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventive features, will be apparent from the description of the invention provided herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compositions and methods for selectively reducing the expression of a gene product from a desired target gene in a eukaryotic cell, as well as for treating diseases caused by the expression of the gene. More particularly, the invention is directed to compositions that contain double stranded RNA (“dsRNA”), and methods for preparing them, that are capable of reducing the expression of target genes in eukaryotic cells.

Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention provides novel compositions for RNA interference (RNAi). The compositions comprise dsRNA which is a precursor molecule, i.e., the dsRNA of the present invention is processed in vivo to produce an active siRNA. The dsRNA is processed by Dicer to an active siRNA which is incorporated into the RISC complex for RNA interference of a target gene. The precursor molecule is also termed a precursor RNAi molecule hererin.

In one embodiment, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, has a length sufficient such that it is processed by Dicer to produce an siRNA. According to this embodiment, the dsRNA comprises a first oligonucleotide sequence (also termed the sense strand) that is between 26 and about 30 nucleotides in length and a second oligonucleotide sequence (also termed the antisense strand) that anneals to the first sequence under biological conditions, such as the conditions found in the cytoplasm of a cell. In addition, a region of one of the sequences, particularly of the antisense strand, of the dsRNA has a sequence length of at least 19 nucleotides, for example, from about 19 to about 23 nucleotides, such as 21 nucleotides that are sufficiently complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the RNA produced from the target gene to trigger an RNAi response.

In a second embodiment, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, has several properties which enhance its processing by Dicer. According to this embodiment, the dsRNA dsRNA has a length sufficient such that it is processed by Dicer to produce an siRNA and at least one of the following properties: (ii) the dsRNA is asymmetric, e.g., has a 3′ overhang on the antisense strand and (ii) the dsRNA has a modified 3′ end on the sense strand to direct orientation of Dicer binding and processing of the dsRNA to an active siRNA. According to this embodiment, the sense strand comprises 22-28 nucleotides and the antisense strand comprises 24-30 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the dsRNA has an overhang on the 3′ end of the antisense strand. In another embodiment, the sense strand is modified for Dicer binding and processing by suitable modifiers located at the 3′ end of the sense strand. Suitable modifiers include nucleotides such as deoxyribonucleotides, acyclonucleotides and the like and sterically hindered molecules, such as fluorescent molecules and the like. When nucleotide modifiers are used, they replace ribonucleotides in the dsRNA such that the length of the dsRNA does not change. In another embodiment, the dsRNA has an overhang on the 3′ end of the antisense strand and the sense strand is modified for Dicer processing. In another embodiment, the 5′ end of the sense strand has a phosphate. The sense and antisense strands anneal under biological conditions, such as the conditions found in the cytoplasm of a cell. In addition, a region of one of the sequences, particularly of the antisense strand, of the dsRNA has a sequence length of at least 19 nucleotides, wherein these nucleotides are in the 21-nucleotide region adjacent to the 3′ end of the antisense strand and are sufficiently complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the RNA produced from the target gene. Further in accordance with this embodiment, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, may also have one or more of the following additional properties: (a) the antisense strand has a right shift from the typical 21mer (i.e., the antisense strand includes nucleotides on the right side of the molecule when compared to the typical 21mer), (b) the strands may not be completely complementary, i.e., the strands may contain simple mismatch pairings and (c) base modifications such as locked nucleic acid(s) may be included in the 5′ end of the sense strand.

In a third embodiment, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, has several properties which enhance its processing by Dicer. According to this embodiment, the dsRNA has a length sufficient such that it is processed by Dicer to produce an siRNA and at least one of the following properties: (i) the dsRNA is asymmetric, e.g., has a 3′ overhang on the sense strand and (ii) the dsRNA has a modified 3′ end on the antisense strand to direct orientation of Dicer binding and processing of the dsRNA to an active siRNA. According to this embodiment, the sense strand comprises 24-30 nucleotides and the antisense strand comprises 22-28 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the dsRNA has an overhang on the 3′ end of the sense strand. In another embodiment, the antisense strand is modified for Dicer binding and processing by suitable modifiers located at the 3′ end of the antisense strand. Suitable modifiers include nucleotides such as deoxyribonucleotides, acyclonucleotides and the like and sterically hindered molecules, such as fluorescent molecules and the like. When nucleotide modifiers are used, they replace ribonucleotides in the dsRNA such that the length of the dsRNA does not change. In another embodiment, the dsRNA has an overhang on the 3′ end of the sense strand and the antisense strand is modified for Dicer processing. In one embodiment, the antisense strand has a 5′ phosphate. The sense and antisense strands anneal under biological conditions, such as the conditions found in the cytoplasm of a cell. In addition, a region of one of the sequences, particularly of the antisense strand, of the dsRNA has a sequence length of at least 19 nucleotides, wherein these nucleotides are adjacent to the 3′ end of antisense strand and are sufficiently complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the RNA produced from the target gene. Further in accordance with this embodiment, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, may also have one or more of the following additional properties: (a) the antisense strand has a left shift from the typical 21mer (i.e., the antisense strand includes nucleotides on the left side of the molecule when compared to the typical 21mer) and (b) the strands may not be completely complementary, i.e., the strands may contain simple mismatch pairings.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for making a dsRNA, i.e., a precursor RNAi molecule, that has enhanced processing by Dicer. According to this method an antisense strand siRNA having a length of at least 19 nucleotides is selected for a given target gene using conventional techniques and algorithms. In one embodiment, the antisense siRNA is modified to include 5-11 ribonucleotides on the 5′ end to give a length of 24-30 nucleotides. When the antisense strand has a length of 21 nucleotides, then 3-9 nucleotides, or 4-7 nucleotides or 6 nucleotides are added on the 5′ end. Although the added ribonucleotides may be complementary to the target gene sequence, full complementarity between the target sequence and the antisense siRNA is not required. That is, the resultant antisense siRNA is sufficiently complementary with the target sequence. A sense strand is then produced that has 22-28 nucleotides. The sense strand is substantially complementary with the antisense strand to anneal to the antisense strand under biological conditions. In one embodiment, the sense strand is synthesized to contain a modified 3′ end to direct Dicer processing of the antisense strand. In another embodiment, the antisense strand of the dsRNA has a 3′ overhang. In a further embodiment, the sense strand is synthesized to contain a modified 3′ end for Dicer binding and processing and the antisense strand of the dsRNA has a 3′ overhang.

In a second embodiment of this method, the antisense siRNA is modified to include 1-9 ribonucleotides on the 5′ end to give a length of 22-28 nucleotides. When the antisense strand has a length of 21 nucleotides, then 1-7 ribonucleotides, or 2-5 ribonucleotides and or 4 ribonucleotides are added on the 3′ end. The added ribonucleotides may have any sequence. Although the added ribonucleotides may be complementary to the target gene sequence, full complementarity between the target sequence and the antisense siRNA is not required. That is, the resultant antisense siRNA is sufficiently complementary with the target sequence. A sense strand is then produced that has 24-30 nucleotides. The sense strand is substantially complementary with the antisense strand to anneal to the antisense strand under biological conditions. In one embodiment, the antisense strand is synthesized to contain a modified 3′ end to direct Dicer processing. In another embodiment, the sense strand of the dsRNA has a 3′ overhang. In a further embodiment, the antisense strand is synthesized to contain a modified 3′ end for Dicer binding and processing and the sense strand of the dsRNA has a 3′ overhang.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the disclosed dsRNA compositions.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides methods for selectively reducing the expression of a gene product from a desired target gene in a cell, as well as for treating diseases caused by the expression of the gene. In one embodiment, the method involves introducing into the environment of a cell an amount of a dsRNA of the present invention such that a sufficient portion of the dsRNA can enter the cytoplasm of the cell to cause a reduction in the expression of the target gene.

The compositions and methods have an unanticipated level of potency of the RNAi effect. Although the invention is not intended to be limited by the underlying theory on which it is believed to operate, it is thought that this level of potency and duration of action are caused by the fact the dsRNA serves as a substrate for Dicer which appears to facilitate incorporation of one sequence from the dsRNA into the RISC complex that is directly responsible for destruction of the RNA from the target gene.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1F show that 27mer dsRNAs are more potent effectors of RNAi than a 21+2 siRNA. EGFP expression levels were determined after cotransfection of HEK293 cells with a fixed amount of EGFP expression plasmid and varying concentrations of dsRNAs. FIGS. 1A-1C: Transfections were performed using (FIG. 1A) 50 nM, (FIG. 1B) 200 pM and (FIG. 1C) 50 pM of the indicated dsRNAs. FIG. 1D: Dose-response testing of longer dsRNAs. Transfections were performed with the indicated concentrations of dsRNA. FIG. 1E: Depicts in vitro Dicer reactions with the same longer RNAs. Concentrations and conditions were as described in the Examples. FIG. 1F: Dose-response curve of dsRNAs transfected into NIH3T3 cells that stably express EGFP. Each graph point represents the average (with s.d.) of three independent measurements.

FIGS. 2A-2E show that Dicer processing correlates with RNAi activity. FIG. 2A: Cleavage of dsRNAs by recombinant Dicer. Each RNA duplex was incubated in the presence or absence of recombinant human Dicer for 24 h, separated using nondenaturing PAGE and visualized (see Examples). FIG. 2B: RNA duplexes used in this test. Oligos were conjugated with 6FAM at the 5′ ends, the 3′ ends or both as shown by the circles. Top and bottom lines indicate sense and antisense strands in duplex configuration, with the sense in a 5′-to-3′ orientation (left to right) and the antisense in a 3′-to-5′ orientation (left to right). FIG. 2C: 6FAM end-modification affects in vitro Dicer activity. RNA duplexes were incubated with 0.5 units of recombinant human Dicer for 8 h and the products resolved on a 7.5% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel. The RNAs were visualized by ethidium bromide staining FIG. 2D: 6FAM modification affects RNAi activity. RNA duplexes at 200 pM were cotransfected with the EGFP expression plasmid and assayed at 24 h for EGFP fluorescence as described. Reported values for EGFP expression represent the average of two independent experiments. The relative levels of fluorescence were normalized to those for luciferase. FIG. 2E: 27mer duplex RNAs are processed to 21mers in vivo. Total RNA was prepared from cells transfected with duplex 3 and duplex 5 at 10 nM. RNA was hybridized with a 21mer ³²P-labeled oligonucleotide probe. The hybridized samples were separated by nondenaturing PAGE and visualized by autoradiography. Size markers are ³²P end labeled 21mer and 27mer RNA duplexes.

FIG. 3A-3B show RNAi activity of various 21+2 siRNAs. FIG. 3A: Seven possible 21+2 siRNAs predicted from Dicing the 27mer dsRNA were tested individually or as a pool in co-transfection assays with the EGFP reporter construct in HEK293 cells. Each graph depicts the average of duplicate experiments. FIG. 3B: Comparison of in vitro Diced 27mer dsRNA versus intact 27mer dsRNA for RNAi. The respective RNAs were co-transfected as in FIG. 4A at the indicated concentrations of dsRNAs. For the Diced products, a 1 μM 27mer dsRNA was incubated in Dicer reaction buffer without (column 3) or with Dicer (column 4) at 37° C. for 12 hours. The mixtures were diluted in water and used directly for co-transfection with the EGFP reporter. To control for possible artifacts of residual Dicer in the diluted mixes, the samples in column 4 were phenol extracted and ethanol precipitated prior to transfection (column 5).

FIGS. 4A and 4B show ESI mass spectra of the 27mer duplex EGFPS1 27+0 before (FIG. 4A) and after (FIG. 4B) incubation with Dicer. Duplexes separate into single strands and the measured mass of each strand is indicated. Dicer digestion is performed in the presence of high salt and some “shadow” peaks represent +1 or +2 Na species.

FIGS. 5A-5D show features of 27mer dsRNA in RNAi. FIG. 5A: Enhanced duration of RNAi by 27mer dsRNAs. Levels of EGFP were determined after transfection of 5 nM of a 21+2 siRNA or the 27mer dsRNA into NIH3T3 cells stably expressing EGFP. Graphic representation of EGFP silencing mediated by a 21+2 siRNA as compared to the 27mer dsRNA. Duplicate samples were taken on the indicated days and EGFP expression was determined by fluorometry. FIG. 5B: 27mer dsRNAs, targeting sites refractory to 21 mer siRNAs, can elicit RNAi. The dsRNAs were transfected along with the EGFP reporter construct, and EGFP expression was determined (Methods). Column 1, mock; column 2, 21+2 siRNA targeting EGFPS2; column 3, 27mer dsRNA targeting EGFPS2; column 4, 21+2 siRNA targeting EGFPS3; column 5, 27mer dsRNA targeting EGFPS3. FIGS. 5C and 5D: Comparison of 21mer siRNA and 27mer dsRNA in downregulation of endogenous transcripts. RNAs for a 21+2 siRNA and 27+0 dsRNA were designed to target sites in the hnRNP H mRNA (FIG. 5C) or La mRNA (FIG. 5D). HnRNP H knockdown was assayed by western blot and La knockdown by northern blot analyses. The dsRNAs were used at the indicated concentrations. β-Actin was used as an internal specificity and loading standard in both experiments.

FIG. 6 shows sequence specificity of Dicer substrate 27mer dsRNAs. The various 27mer dsRNAs were co-transfected at the indicated concentrations with the EGFP expression plasmid into HEK93 cells and assayed for EGFP fluorescence.

FIGS. 7A-7D show that siRNAs and Dicer substrate dsRNAs do not induce interferons or activate PKR or generate specific “off target effects.” FIGS. 7A and 7B: Interferon alpha (FIG. 7A) and interferon beta (FIG. 7B) assays: column 1, positive control for IFN induction (Kim et al., 2004); column 2, no RNA; column 3, chemically synthesized 21+2 siRNA; column 4, chemically synthesized 27+0 dsRNA. FIG. 7C: PKR activation assay. The lond dsRNA used for PKR activation (Kim et al., 2004) and the in vitro PKR activation assay (Manche et al, 1992) have been previously described. Duplex RNAs were transfected as indicated. FIG. 7D: Summary of microarray analysis.

FIGS. 8A-8B show ESI mass spectra of the 27mer duplex EGFPS1 27+0 L before (FIG. 8A) and after (FIG. 8B) incubation with Dicer. Duplexes separate into single strands and the measured mass of each strand is indicated.

FIGS. 8C-8D show ESI mass spectra of the 27mer duplex EGFPS1 27/25 L before (FIG. 8C) and after (FIG. 8D) incubation with Dicer. Duplexes separate into single strands and the measured mass of each strand is indicated.

FIGS. 9A-9B show ESI mass spectra of the 27mer duplex EGFPS1 27+0 R before (FIG. 9A) and after (FIG. 9B) incubation with Dicer. Duplexes separate into single strands and the measured mass of each strand is indicated.

FIGS. 9C-9D show ESI mass spectra of the 27mer duplex EGFPS1 25/27 R before (FIG. 9C) and after (FIG. 9B) incubation with Dicer. Duplexes separate into single strands and the measured mass of each strand is indicated.

FIGS. 10A-10B show that duplexes designed to enhance Dicer processing are potent effectors of RNAi. EGFP expression levels were determined after cotransfection of HEK293 cells with a fixed amount of EGFP expression plasmid and varying concentrations of dsRNAs. FIG. 10A: Compares the potency of the duplexes EGFPS2-21+2, EGFPS2-27+0, EGFPS2-27/25 L and EGFPS2-25/27 R. FIG. 10B: Compares the potency of the duplexes EGFPS1-27/25 L and EGFPS1-25/27 R.

FIG. 11 is an illustration showing two embodiments of the present invention with respect to the target sequence and the relationship between the target sequence and each embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compositions that contain double stranded RNA (“dsRNA”), and methods for preparing them, that are capable of reducing the expression of target genes in eukaryotic cells. One of the strands of the dsRNA contains a region of nucleotide sequence that has a length that ranges from about 19 to about 30 nucleotides that can direct the destruction of the RNA transcribed from the target gene.

In a first aspect, the present invention provides novel compositions for RNA interference (RNAi). The compositions comprise dsRNA which is a precursor molecule, i.e., the dsRNA of the present invention is processed in vivo to produce an active siRNA. The dsRNA is processed by Dicer to an active siRNA which is incorporated into the RISC complex. The precursor molecule is also termed a precursor RNAi molecule herein. As used herein, the term active siRNA refers to a double stranded nucleic acid in which each strand comprises RNA, RNA analog(s) or RNA and DNA. The siRNA comprises between 19 and 23 nucleotides or comprises 21 nucleotides. The active siRNA has 2 bp overhangs on the 3′ ends of each strand such that the duplex region in the siRNA comprises 17-21 nucleotides, or 19 nucleotides. Typically, the antisense strand of the siRNA is sufficiently complementary with the target sequence of the target gene.

The phrase “duplex region” refers to the region in two complementary or substantially complementary oligonucleotides that form base pairs with one another, either by Watson-Crick base pairing or any other manner that allows for a duplex between oligonucleotide strands that are complementary or substantially complementary. For example, an oligonucleotide strand having 21 nucleotide units can base pair with another oligonucleotide of 21 nucleotide units, yet only 19 bases on each strand are complementary or substantially complementary, such that the “duplex region” consists of 19 base pairs. The remaining base pairs may, for example, exist as 5′ and 3′ overhangs. Further, within the duplex region, 100% complementarity is not required; substantial complementarity is allowable within a duplex region. Substantial complementarity refers to complementarity between the strands such that they are capable of annealing under biological conditions. Techniques to empirically determine if two strands are capable of annealing under biological conditions are well know in the art. Alternatively, two strands can be synthesized and added together under biological conditions to determine if they anneal to one another.

As used herein, an siRNA having a sequence “sufficiently complementary” to a target mRNA sequence means that the siRNA has a sequence sufficient to trigger the destruction of the target mRNA by the RNAi machinery (e.g., the RISC complex) or process. The siRNA molecule can be designed such that every residue of the antisense strand is complementary to a residue in the target molecule. Alternatively, substitutions can be made within the molecule to increase stability and/or enhance processing activity of said molecule. Substitutions can be made within the strand or can be made to residues at the ends of the strand.

In one embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, has a length sufficient such that it is processed by Dicer to produce an siRNA. According to this embodiment, a suitable dsRNA contains one oligonucleotide sequence, a first sequence, that is at least 25 nucleotides in length and no longer than about 30 nucleotides. This sequence of RNA can be between about 26 and 29 nucleotides in length. This sequence can be about 27 or 28 nucleotides in length or 27 nucleotides in length. The second sequence of the dsRNA can be any sequence that anneals to the first sequence under biological conditions, such as within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Generally, the second oligonucleotide sequence will have at least 19 complementary base pairs with the first oligonucleotide sequence, more typically the second oligonucleotides sequence will have about 21 or more complementary base pairs, or about 25 or more complementary base pairs with the first oligonucleotide sequence. In one embodiment, the second sequence is the same length as the first sequence, and the dsRNA is blunt ended. In another embodiment, the ends of the dsRNA have overhangs.

In certain aspects of this first embodiment, the first and second oligonucleotide sequences of the dsRNA exist on separate oligonucleotide strands that can be and typically are chemically synthesized. In some embodiments, both strands are between 26 and 30 nucleotides in length. In other embodiments, both strands are between 25 and 30 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, both strands are 27 nucleotides in length, are completely complementary and have blunt ends. The dsRNA can be from a single RNA oligonucleotide that undergoes intramolecular annealing or, more typically, the first and second sequences exist on separate RNA oligonucleotides. In one embodiment, one or both oligonucleotide strands are capable of serving as a substrate for Dicer. In other embodiments, at least one modification is present that promotes Dicer to bind to the double-stranded RNA structure in an orientation that maximizes the double-stranded RNA structure's effectiveness in inhibiting gene expression. The dsRNA can contain one or more deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base substitutions.

Suitable dsRNA compositions that contain two separate oligonucleotides can be chemically linked outside their annealing region by chemical linking groups. Many suitable chemical linking groups are known in the art and can be used. Suitable groups will not block Dicer activity on the dsRNA and will not interfere with the directed destruction of the RNA transcribed from the target gene. Alternatively, the two separate oligonucleotides can be linked by a third oligonucleotide such that a hairpin structure is produced upon annealing of the two oligonucleotides making up the dsRNA composition. The hairpin structure will not block Dicer activity on the dsRNA and will not interfere with the directed destruction of the RNA transcribed from the target gene.

The first and second oligonucleotides are not required to be completely complementary. In fact, in one embodiment, the 3′-terminus of the sense strand contains one or more mismatches. In one aspect, about two mismatches are incorporated at the 3′ terminus of the sense strand. In another embodiment, the dsRNA of the invention is a double stranded RNA molecule containing two RNA oligonucleotides each of which is 27 nucleotides in length and, when annealed to each other, have blunt ends and a two nucleotide mismatch on the 3′-terminus of the sense strand (the 5′-terminus of the antisense strand). The use of mismatches or decreased thermodynamic stability (specifically at the 3′-sense/5′-antisense position) has been proposed to facilitate or favor entry of the antisense strand into RISC (Schwarz et al., 2003; Khvorova et al., 2003), presumably by affecting some rate-limiting unwinding steps that occur with entry of the siRNA into RISC. Thus, terminal base composition has been included in design algorithms for selecting active 21mer siRNA duplexes (Ui-Tei et al., 2004; Reynolds et al., 2004). With Dicer cleavage of the dsRNA of this embodiment, the small end-terminal sequence which contains the mismatches will either be left unpaired with the antisense strand (become part of a 3′-overhang) or be cleaved entirely off the final 21-mer siRNA. These “mismatches”, therefore, do not persist as mismatches in the final RNA component of RISC. It was surprising to find that base mismatches or destabilization of segments at the 3′-end of the sense strand of Dicer substrate improved the potency of synthetic duplexes in RNAi, presumably by facilitating processing by Dicer.

It has been found empirically that these longer dsRNA species of from 25 to about 30 nucleotides give unexpectedly effective results in terms of potency and duration of action. Without wishing to be bound by the underlying theory of the invention, it is thought that the longer dsRNA species serve as a substrate for the enzyme Dicer in the cytoplasm of a cell. In addition to cleaving the dsRNA of the invention into shorter segments, Dicer is thought to facilitate the incorporation of a single-stranded cleavage product derived from the cleaved dsRNA into the RISC complex that is responsible for the destruction of the cytoplasmic RNA derived from the target gene. The studies described herein have shown that the cleavability of a dsRNA species by Dicer corresponds with increased potency and duration of action of the dsRNA species.

In a second embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, has several properties which enhance its processing by Dicer. According to this embodiment, the dsRNA has a length sufficient such that it is processed by Dicer to produce an active siRNA and at least one of the following properties: (i) the dsRNA is asymmetric, e.g., has a 3′ overhang on the antisense strand and (ii) the dsRNA has a modified 3′ end on the sense strand to direct orientation of Dicer binding and processing of the dsRNA to an active siRNA. According to this embodiment, the longest strand in the dsRNA comprises 24-30 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the dsRNA is asymmetric such that the sense strand comprises 22-28 nucleotides and the antisense strand comprises 24-30 nucleotides. Thus, the resulting dsRNA has an overhang on the 3′ end of the antisense strand. The overhang is 1-3 nucleotides, for example 2 nucleotides. The sense strand may also have a 5′ phosphate. In another embodiment, at least one of the nucleotide sequences of the double stranded RNA composition comprises a nucleotide overhang of between about one and about four nucleotides in length.

In another embodiment, the sense strand is modified for Dicer processing by suitable modifiers located at the 3′ end of the sense strand, i.e., the dsRNA is designed to direct orientation of Dicer binding and processing. Suitable modifiers include nucleotides such as deoxyribonucleotides, dideoxyribonucleotides, acyclonucleotides and the like and sterically hindered molecules, such as fluorescent molecules and the like. Acyclonucleotides substitute a 2-hydroxyethoxymethyl group for the 2′-deoxyribofuranosyl sugar normally present in dNMPs. Other nucleotides modifiers could include 3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI), 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC), 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T) and the monophosphate nucleotides of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC) and 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T). In one embodiment, deoxynucleotides are used as the modifiers. When nucleotide modifiers are utilized, 1-3 nucleotide modifiers, or 2 nucleotide modifiers are substituted for the ribonucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense strand. When sterically hindered molecules are utilized, they are attached to the ribonucleotide at the 3′ end of the antisense strand. Thus, the length of the strand does not change with the incorporation of the modifiers. In another embodiment, the invention contemplates substituting two DNA bases in the dsRNA to direct the orientation of Dicer processing of the antisense strand. In a further embodiment of the present invention, two terminal DNA bases are substituted for two ribonucleotides on the 3′-end of the sense strand forming a blunt end of the duplex on the 3′ end of the sense strand and the 5′ end of the antisense strand, and a two-nucleotide RNA overhang is located on the 3′-end of the antisense strand. This is an asymmetric composition with DNA on the blunt end and RNA bases on the overhanging end.

The sense and antisense strands anneal under biological conditions, such as the conditions found in the cytoplasm of a cell. In addition, a region of one of the sequences, particularly of the antisense strand, of the dsRNA has a sequence length of at least 19 nucleotides, wherein these nucleotides are in the 21-nucleotide region adjacent to the 3′ end of the antisense strand and are sufficiently complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the RNA produced from the target gene.

Further in accordance with this embodiment, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, may also have one or more of the following additional properties: (a) the antisense strand has a right shift from the typical 21mer, (b) the strands may not be completely complementary, i.e., the strands may contain simple mismatch pairings and (c) base modifications such as locked nucleic acid(s) may be included in the 5′ end of the sense strand. A “typical” 21 mer siRNA is designed using conventional techniques. In one technique, a variety of sites are commonly tested in parallel or pools containing several distinct siRNA duplexes specific to the same target with the hope that one of the reagents will be effective (Ji et al., 2003). Other techniques use design rules and algorithms to increase the likelihood of obtaining active RNAi effector molecules (Schwarz et al., 2003; Khvorova et al., 2003; Ui-Tei et al., 2004; Reynolds et al., 2004; Krol et al., 2004; Yuan et al., 2004; Boese et al., 2005). High throughput selection of siRNA has also been developed (U.S. published patent application No. 2005/0042641 A1, incorporated herein by reference). Potential target sites can also be analyzed by secondary structure predictions (Heale et al., 2005). This 21mer is then used to design a right shift to include 3-9 additional nucleotides on the 5′ end of the 21mer. The sequence of these additional nucleotides may have any sequence. In one embodiment, the added ribonucleotides are based on the sequence of the target gene. Even in this embodiment, full complementarity between the target sequence and the antisense siRNA is not required.

The first and second oligonucleotides are not required to be completely complementary. They only need to be substantially complementary to anneal under biological conditions and to provide a substrate for Dicer that produces an siRNA sufficiently complementary to the target sequence. Locked nucleic acids, or LNA's, are well known to a skilled artisan (Elman et al., 2005; Kurreck et al., 2002; Crinelli et al., 2002; Braasch and Corey, 2001; Bondensgaard et al., 2000; Wahlestedt et al., 2000). In one embodiment, an LNA is incorporated at the 5′ terminus of the sense strand. In another embodiment, an LNA is incorporated at the 5′ terminus of the sense strand in duplexes designed to include a 3′ overhang on the antisense strand.

In one embodiment, the dsRNA has an asymmetric structure, with the sense strand having a 25-base pair length, and the antisense strand having a 27-base pair length with a 2 base 3′-overhang. In another embodiment, this dsRNA having an asymmetric structure further contains 2 deoxynucleotides at the 3′ end of the sense strand in place of two of the ribonucleotides.

Suitable dsRNA compositions that contain two separate oligonucleotides can be linked by a third structure. The third structure will not block Dicer activity on the dsRNA and will not interfere with the directed destruction of the RNA transcribed from the target gene. In one embodiment, the third structure may be a chemical linking group. Many suitable chemical linking groups are known in the art and can be used. Alternatively, the third structure may be an oligonucleotide that links the two oligonucleotides of the dsRNA is a manner such that a hairpin structure is produced upon annealing of the two oligonucleotides making up the dsRNA composition. The hairpin structure will not block Dicer activity on the dsRNA and will not interfere with the directed destruction of the RNA transcribed from the target gene.

In a third embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, has several properties which enhances its processing by Dicer. According to this embodiment, the dsRNA has a length sufficient such that it is processed by Dicer to produce an siRNA and at least one of the following properties: (i) the dsRNA is asymmetric, e.g., has a 3′ overhang on the sense strand and (ii) the dsRNA has a modified 3′ end on the antisense strand to direct orientation of Dicer binding and processing of the dsRNA to an active siRNA. According to this embodiment, the longest strand in the dsRNA comprises 24-30 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the sense strand comprises 24-30 nucleotides and the antisense strand comprises 22-28 nucleotides. Thus, the resulting dsRNA has an overhang on the 3′ end of the sense strand. The overhang is 1-3 nucleotides, such as 2 nucleotides. The antisense strand may also have a 5′ phosphate.

In another embodiment, the antisense strand is modified for Dicer processing by suitable modifiers located at the 3′ end of the antisense strand, i.e., the dsRNA is designed to direct orientation of Dicer binding and processing. Suitable modifiers include nucleotides such as deoxyribonucleotides, dideoxyribonucleotides, acyclonucleotides and the like and sterically hindered molecules, such as fluorescent molecules and the like. Acyclonucleotides substitute a 2-hydroxyethoxymethyl group for the 2′-deoxyribofuranosyl sugar normally present in dNMPs. Other nucleotide modifiers could include 3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI), 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC), 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T) and the monophosphate nucleotides of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC) and 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T). In one embodiment, deoxynucleotides are used as the modifiers. When nucleotide modifiers are utilized, 1-3 nucleotide modifiers, or 2 nucleotide modifiers are substituted for the ribonucleotides on the 3′ end of the antisense strand. When sterically hindered molecules are utilized, they are attached to the ribonucleotide at the 3′ end of the antisense strand. Thus, the length of the strand does not change with the incorporation of the modifiers. In another embodiment, the invention contemplates substituting two DNA bases in the dsRNA to direct the orientation of Dicer processing. In a further invention, two terminal DNA bases are located on the 3′ end of the antisense strand in place of two ribonucleotides forming a blunt end of the duplex on the 5′ end of the sense strand and the 3′ end of the antisense strand, and a two-nucleotide RNA overhang is located on the 3′-end of the sense strand. This is an asymmetric composition with DNA on the blunt end and RNA bases on the overhanging end.

The sense and antisense strands anneal under biological conditions, such as the conditions found in the cytoplasm of a cell. In addition, a region of one of the sequences, particularly of the antisense strand, of the dsRNA has a sequence length of at least 19 nucleotides, wherein these nucleotides are adjacent to the 3′ end of antisense strand and are sufficiently complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the RNA produced from the target gene.

Further in accordance with this embodiment, the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, may also have one or more of the following additional properties: (a) the antisense strand has a right shift from the typical 21mer and (b) the strands may not be completely complementary, i.e., the strands may contain simple mismatch pairings. A “typical” 21mer siRNA is designed using conventional techniques, such as described above. This 21mer is then used to design a right shift to include 1-7 additional nucleotides on the 5′ end of the 21mer. The sequence of these additional nucleotides may have any sequence. Although the added ribonucleotides may be complementary to the target gene sequence, full complementarity between the target sequence and the antisense siRNA is not required. That is, the resultant antisense siRNA is sufficiently complementary with the target sequence. The first and second oligonucleotides are not required to be completely complementary. They only need to be substantially complementary to anneal under biological conditions and to provide a substrate for Dicer that produces an siRNA sufficiently complementary to the target sequence.

In one embodiment, the dsRNA has an asymmetric structure, with the antisense strand having a 25-base pair length, and the sense strand having a 27-base pair length with a 2 base 3′-overhang. In another embodiment, this dsRNA having an asymmetric structure further contains 2 deoxynucleotides at the 3′ end of the antisense strand.

Suitable dsRNA compositions that contain two separate oligonucleotides can be linked by a third structure. The third structure will not block Dicer activity on the dsRNA and will not interfere with the directed destruction of the RNA transcribed from the target gene. In one embodiment, the third structure may be a chemical linking group. Many suitable chemical linking groups are known in the art and can be used. Alternatively, the third structure may be an oligonucleotide that links the two oligonucleotides of the dsRNA is a manner such that a hairpin structure is produced upon annealing of the two oligonucleotides making up the dsRNA composition. The hairpin structure will not block Dicer activity on the dsRNA and will not interfere with the directed destruction of the RNA transcribed from the target gene.

One feature of the dsRNA compositions of the present invention is that they can serve as a substrate for Dicer. Typically, the dsRNA compositions of this invention will not have been treated with Dicer, other RNases, or extracts that contain them. In the current invention this type of pretreatment can prevent Dicer annealing. Several methods are known and can be used for determining whether a dsRNA composition serves as a substrate for Dicer. For example, Dicer activity can be measured in vitro using the Recombinant Dicer Enzyme Kit (GTS, San Diego, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Dicer activity can be measured in vivo by treating cells with dsRNA and maintaining them for 24 h before harvesting them and isolating their RNA. RNA can be isolated using standard methods, such as with the RNeasy™ Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The isolated RNA can be separated on a 10% PAGE gel which is used to prepare a standard RNA blot that can be probed with a suitable labeled deoxyoligonucleotide, such as an oligonucleotide labeled with the Starfire® Oligo Labeling System (Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, Iowa).

The effect that a dsRNA has on a cell can depend upon the cell itself. In some circumstances a dsRNA could induce apoptosis or gene silencing in one cell type and not another. Thus, it is possible that a dsRNA could be suitable for use in one cell and not another. To be considered “suitable” a dsRNA composition need not be suitable under all possible circumstances in which it might be used, rather it need only be suitable under a particular set of circumstances.

Modifications can be included in the dsRNA, i.e., the precursor RNAi molecule, of the present invention so long as the modification does not prevent the dsRNA composition from serving as a substrate for Dicer. In one embodiment, one or more modifications are made that enhance Dicer processing of the dsRNA. In a second embodiment, one or more modifications are made that result in more effective RNAi generation. In a third embodiment, one or more modifications are made that support a greater RNAi effect. In a fourth embodiment, one or more modifications are made that result in greater potency per each dsRNA molecule to be delivered to the cell. Modifications can be incorporated in the 3′-terminal region, the 5′-terminal region, in both the 3′-terminal and 5′-terminal region or in some instances in various positions within the sequence. With the restrictions noted above in mind any number and combination of modifications can be incorporated into the dsRNA. Where multiple modifications are present, they may be the same or different. Modifications to bases, sugar moieties, the phosphate backbone, and their combinations are contemplated. Either 5′-terminus can be phosphorylated.

Examples of modifications contemplated for the phosphate backbone include phosphonates, including methylphosphonate, phosphorothioate, and phosphotriester modifications such as alkylphosphotriesters, and the like. Examples of modifications contemplated for the sugar moiety include 2′-alkyl pyrimidine, such as 2′-O-methyl, 2′-fluoro, amino, and deoxy modifications and the like (see, e.g., Amarzguioui et al., 2003). Examples of modifications contemplated for the base groups include abasic sugars, 2-O-alkyl modified pyrimidines, 4-thiouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-iodouracil, and 5-(3-aminoallyl)-uracil and the like. Locked nucleic acids, or LNA's, could also be incorporated. Many other modifications are known and can be used so long as the above criteria are satisfied. Examples of modifications are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,684,143, 5,858,988 and 6,291,438 and in U.S. published patent application No. 2004/0203145 A1, each incorporated herein by reference. Other modifications are disclosed in Herdewijn (2000), Eckstein (2000), Rusckowski et al. (2000), Stein et al. (2001) and Vorobjev et al. (2001).

Additionally, the dsRNA structure can be optimized to ensure that the oligonucleotide segment generated from Dicer's cleavage will be the portion of the oligonucleotide that is most effective in inhibiting gene expression. For example, in one embodiment of the invention a 27-bp oligonucleotide of the dsRNA structure is synthesized wherein the anticipated 21 to 22-bp segment that will inhibit gene expression is located on the 3′-end of the antisense strand. The remaining bases located on the 5′-end of the antisense strand will be cleaved by Dicer and will be discarded. This cleaved portion can be homologous (i.e., based on the sequence of the target sequence) or non-homologous and added to extend the nucleic acid strand.

RNA may be produced enzymatically or by partial/total organic synthesis, and modified ribonucleotides can be introduced by in vitro enzymatic or organic synthesis. In one embodiment, each strand is prepared chemically. Methods of synthesizing RNA molecules are known in the art, in particular, the chemical synthesis methods as described in Verma and Eckstein (1998) or as described herein.

As is known, RNAi methods are applicable to a wide variety of genes in a wide variety of organisms and the disclosed compositions and methods can be utilized in each of these contexts. Examples of genes which can be targeted by the disclosed compositions and methods include endogenous genes which are genes that are native to the cell or to genes that are not normally native to the cell. Without limitation these genes include oncogenes, cytokine genes, idiotype (Id) protein genes, prion genes, genes that expresses molecules that induce angiogenesis, genes for adhesion molecules, cell surface receptors, proteins involved in metastasis, proteases, apoptosis genes, cell cycle control genes, genes that express EGF and the EGF receptor, multi-drug resistance genes, such as the MDR1 gene.

More specifically, the target mRNA of the invention specifies the amino acid sequence of a cellular protein (e.g., a nuclear, cytoplasmic, transmembrane, or membrane-associated protein). In another embodiment, the target mRNA of the invention specifies the amino acid sequence of an extracellular protein (e.g., an extracellular matrix protein or secreted protein). As used herein, the phrase “specifies the amino acid sequence” of a protein means that the mRNA sequence is translated into the amino acid sequence according to the rules of the genetic code. The following classes of proteins are listed for illustrative purposes: developmental proteins (e.g., adhesion molecules, cyclin kinase inhibitors, Wnt family members, Pax family members, Winged helix family members, Hox family members, cytokines/lymphokines and their receptors, growth/differentiation factors and their receptors, neurotransmitters and their receptors); oncogene-encoded proteins (e.g., ABLI, BCLI, BCL2, BCL6, CBFA2, CBL, CSFIR, ERBA, ERBB, EBRB2, ETSI, ETSI, ETV6, FGR, FOS, FYN, HCR, HRAS, JUN, KRAS, LCK, LYN, MDM2, MLL, MYB, MYC, MYCLI, MYCN, NRAS, PIM I, PML, RET, SRC, TALI, TCL3, and YES); tumor suppressor proteins (e.g., APC, BRCA1, BRCA2, MADH4, MCC, NF I, NF2, RB I, TP53, and WTI); and enzymes (e.g., ACC synthases and oxidases, ACP desaturases and hydroxylases, ADP-glucose pyrophorylases, ATPases, alcohol dehydrogenases, amylases, amyloglucosidases, catalases, cellulases, chalcone synthases, chitinases, cyclooxygenases, decarboxylases, dextriinases, DNA and RNA polymerases, galactosidases, glucanases, glucose oxidases, granule-bound starch synthases, GTPases, helicases, hernicellulases, integrases, inulinases, invertases, isomerases, kinases, lactases, lipases, lipoxygenases, lysozymes, nopaline synthases, octopine synthases, pectinesterases, peroxidases, phosphatases, phospholipases, phosphorylases, phytases, plant growth regulator synthases, polygalacturonases, proteinases and peptidases, pullanases, recombinases, reverse transcriptases, RUBISCOs, topoisomerases, and xylanases).

In one aspect, the target mRNA molecule of the invention specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein associated with a pathological condition. For example, the protein may be a pathogen-associated protein (e.g., a viral protein involved in immunosuppression of the host, replication of the pathogen, transmission of the pathogen, or maintenance of the infection), or a host protein which facilitates entry of the pathogen into the host, drug metabolism by the pathogen or host, replication or integration of the pathogen's genome, establishment or spread of infection in the host, or assembly of the next generation of pathogen. Pathogens include RNA viruses such as flaviviruses, picornaviruses, rhabdoviruses, filoviruses, retroviruses, including lentiviruses, or DNA viruses such as adenoviruses, poxviruses, herpes viruses, cytomegaloviruses, hepadnaviruses or others. Additional pathogens include bacteria, fungi, helminths, schistosomes and trypanosomes. Other kinds of pathogens can include mammalian transposable elements. Alternatively, the protein may be a tumor-associated protein or an autoimmune disease-associated protein.

The target gene may be derived from or contained in any organism. The organism may be a plant, animal, protozoa, bacterium, virus or fungus. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559, incorporated herein by reference.

In another aspect, the present invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA of the present invention. The dsRNA sample can be suitably formulated and introduced into the environment of the cell by any means that allows for a sufficient portion of the sample to enter the cell to induce gene silencing, if it is to occur. Many formulations for dsRNA are known in the art and can be used so long as dsRNA gains entry to the target cells so that it can act. See, e.g., U.S. published patent application Nos. 2004/0203145 A1 and 2005/0054598 A1, each incorporated herein by reference. For example, dsRNA can be formulated in buffer solutions such as phosphate buffered saline solutions, liposomes, micellar structures, and capsids. Formulations of dsRNA with cationic lipids can be used to facilitate transfection of the dsRNA into cells. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188, incorporated herein by reference), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (published PCT International Application WO 97/30731, incorporated herein by reference), can be used. Suitable lipids include Oligofectamine, Lipofectamine (Life Technologies), NC388 (Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boulder, Colo.), or FuGene 6 (Roche) all of which can be used according to the manufacturer's instructions.

It can be appreciated that the method of introducing dsRNA into the environment of the cell will depend on the type of cell and the make up of its environment. For example, when the cells are found within a liquid, one preferable formulation is with a lipid formulation such as in lipofectamine and the dsRNA can be added directly to the liquid environment of the cells. Lipid formulations can also be administered to animals such as by intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection, or orally or by inhalation or other methods as are known in the art. When the formulation is suitable for administration into animals such as mammals and more specifically humans, the formulation is also pharmaceutically acceptable. Pharmaceutically acceptable formulations for administering oligonucleotides are known and can be used. In some instances, it may be preferable to formulate dsRNA in a buffer or saline solution and directly inject the formulated dsRNA into cells, as in studies with oocytes. The direct injection of dsRNA duplexes may also be done. For suitable methods of introducing dsRNA see U.S. published patent application No. 2004/0203145 A1, incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable amounts of dsRNA must be introduced and these amounts can be empirically determined using standard methods. Typically, effective concentrations of individual dsRNA species in the environment of a cell will be about 50 nanomolar or less 10 nanomolar or less, or compositions in which concentrations of about 1 nanomolar or less can be used. In other embodiment, methods utilize a concentration of about 200 picomolar or less and even a concentration of about 50 picomolar or less can be used in many circumstances.

The method can be carried out by addition of the dsRNA compositions to any extracellular matrix in which cells can live provided that the dsRNA composition is formulated so that a sufficient amount of the dsRNA can enter the cell to exert its effect. For example, the method is amenable for use with cells present in a liquid such as a liquid culture or cell growth media, in tissue explants, or in whole organisms, including animals, such as mammals and especially humans.

Expression of a target gene can be determined by any suitable method now known in the art or that is later developed. It can be appreciated that the method used to measure the expression of a target gene will depend upon the nature of the target gene. For example, when the target gene encodes a protein the term “expression” can refer to a protein or transcript derived from the gene. In such instances the expression of a target gene can be determined by measuring the amount of mRNA corresponding to the target gene or by measuring the amount of that protein. Protein can be measured in protein assays such as by staining or immunoblotting or, if the protein catalyzes a reaction that can be measured, by measuring reaction rates. All such methods are known in the art and can be used. Where the gene product is an RNA species expression can be measured by determining the amount of RNA corresponding to the gene product. Several specific methods for detecting gene expression are described in Example 1. The measurements can be made on cells, cell extracts, tissues, tissue extracts or any other suitable source material.

The determination of whether the expression of a target gene has been reduced can be by any suitable method that can reliably detect changes in gene expression. Typically, the determination is made by introducing into the environment of a cell undigested dsRNA such that at least a portion of that dsRNA enters the cytoplasm and then measuring the expression of the target gene. The same measurement is made on identical untreated cells and the results obtained from each measurement are compared. When the method appears to reduce the expression of the target gene by about 10% or more (which is equivalent to about 90% or less) of the level in an untreated organism, for purposes of this invention, the method is considered to reduce the expression of the target gene. Typically, the method can be used to reduce that expression of a target gene by far more than 10%. In some instances the method can be used to reduce the expression by about 50% or more, in more preferred methods the expression is reduced by about 75% or more, still more preferable are methods that reduce the expression by about 90% or more, or even about 95% or more, or about 99% or more or even by completely eliminating expression of the target gene.

The dsRNA can be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a pharmacologically effective amount of a dsRNA and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A pharmacologically or therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount of a dsRNA effective to produce the intended pharmacological, therapeutic or preventive result. The phrases “pharmacologically effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” or simply “effective amount” refer to that amount of an RNA effective to produce the intended pharmacological, therapeutic or preventive result. For example, if a given clinical treatment is considered effective when there is at least a 20% reduction in a measurable parameter associated with a disease or disorder, a therapeutically effective amount of a drug for the treatment of that disease or disorder is the amount necessary to effect at least a 20% reduction in that parameter.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier for the administration of a therapeutic agent. Exemplary carriers include saline, buffered saline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof. For drugs administered orally, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives. Suitable inert diluents include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, and lactose, while corn starch and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents. Binding agents may include starch and gelatin, while the lubricating agent, if present, will generally be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier of the disclosed dsRNA composition may be micellar structures, such as a liposomes, capsids, capsoids, polymeric nanocapsules, or polymeric microcapsules.

Polymeric nanocapsules or microcapsules facilitate transport and release of the encapsulated or bound dsRNA into the cell. They include polymeric and monomeric materials, especially including polybutylcyanoacrylate. A summary of materials and fabrication methods has been published (see Kreuter, 1991). The polymeric materials which are formed from monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors in the polymerization/nanoparticle generation step, are per se known from the prior art, as are the molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of the polymeric material which a person skilled in the field of manufacturing nanoparticles may suitably select in accordance with the usual skill.

Suitably formulated pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered by any means known in the art such as by parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are administered by intravenous or intraparenteral infusion or injection.

In general a suitable dosage unit of dsRNA will be in the range of 0.001 to 0.25 milligrams per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, or in the range of 0.01 to 20 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, or in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, or in the range of 0.10 to 5 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day, or in the range of 0.1 to 2.5 micrograms per kilogram body weight per day. Pharmaceutical composition comprising the dsRNA can be administered once daily. However, the therapeutic agent may also be dosed in dosage units containing two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered at appropriate intervals throughout the day. In that case, the dsRNA contained in each sub-dose must be correspondingly smaller in order to achieve the total daily dosage unit. The dosage unit can also be compounded for a single dose over several days, e.g., using a conventional sustained release formulation which provides sustained and consistent release of the dsRNA over a several day period. Sustained release formulations are well known in the art. In this embodiment, the dosage unit contains a corresponding multiple of the daily dose. Regardless of the formulation, the pharmaceutical composition must contain dsRNA in a quantity sufficient to inhibit expression of the target gene in the animal or human being treated. The composition can be compounded in such a way that the sum of the multiple units of dsRNA together contain a sufficient dose.

Data can be obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies to formulate a suitable dosage range for humans. The dosage of compositions of the invention lies within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ (as determined by known methods) with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range of the compound that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels of dsRNA in plasma may be measured by standard methods, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for treating a subject having a disease or at risk of developing a disease caused by the expression of a target gene. In this embodiment, the dsRNA can act as novel therapeutic agents for controlling one or more of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders, disorders associated with bone metabolism, immune disorders, hematopoietic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, liver disorders, viral diseases, or metabolic disorders. The method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention to the patient (e.g., human), such that expression of the target gene is silenced. Because of their high specificity, the dsRNAs of the present invention specifically target mRNAs of target genes of diseased cells and tissues.

In the prevention of disease, the target gene may be one which is required for initiation or maintenance of the disease, or which has been identified as being associated with a higher risk of contracting the disease. In the treatment of disease, the dsRNA can be brought into contact with the cells or tissue exhibiting the disease. For example, dsRNA substantially identical to all or part of a mutated gene associated with cancer, or one expressed at high levels in tumor cells, e.g. aurora kinase, may be brought into contact with or introduced into a cancerous cell or tumor gene.

Examples of cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, metastatic disorders or hematopoietic neoplastic disorders, e.g., leukemias. A metastatic tumor can arise from a multitude of primary tumor types, including but not limited to those of prostate, colon, lung, breast and liver origin. As used herein, the terms “cancer,” “hyperproliferative,” and “neoplastic” refer to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state of condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. These terms are meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. Proliferative disorders also include hematopoietic neoplastic disorders, including diseases involving hyperplastic/neoplatic cells of hematopoictic origin, e.g., arising from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof.

The present invention can also be used to treat a variety of immune disorders, in particular those associated with overexpression of a gene or expression of a mutant gene. Examples of hematopoietic disorders or diseases include, without limitation, autoimmune diseases (including, for example, diabetes mellitus, arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis), multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosis, autoimmune thyroiditis, dermatitis (including atopic dermatitis and eczematous dermatitis), psoriasis, Sjogren's Syndrome, Crohn's disease, aphthous ulcer, iritis, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, allergic asthma, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, vaginitis, proctitis, drug eruptions, leprosy reversal reactions, erythema nodosum leprosum, autoimmune uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, idiopathic bilateral progressive sensorineural hearing, loss, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, polychondritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, chronic active hepatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, lichen planus, Graves' disease, sarcoidosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, uveitis posterior, and interstitial lung fibrosis), graft-versus-host disease, cases of transplantation, and allergy.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for treating viral diseases, including but not limited to human papilloma virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV-AIDS, poliovirus, and smallpox virus. dsRNAs of the invention are prepared as described herein to target expressed sequences of a virus, thus ameliorating viral activity and replication. The molecules can be used in the treatment and/or diagnosis of viral infected tissue, both animal and plant. Also, such molecules can be used in the treatment of virus-associated carcinoma, such as hepatocellular cancer.

The dsRNA of the present invention can also be used to inhibit the expression of the multi-drug resistance 1 gene (“MDR1”). “Multi-drug resistance” (MDR) broadly refers to a pattern of resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs with unrelated chemical structures and different mechanisms of action. Although the etiology of MDR is multifactorial, the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a membrane protein that mediates the transport of MDR drugs, remains the most common alteration underlying MDR in laboratory models (Childs and Ling, 1994). Moreover, expression of Pgp has been linked to the development of MDR in human cancer, particularly in the leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, and soft tissue sarcoma (Fan et al.). Recent studies showed that tumor cells expressing MDR-associated protein (MRP) (Cole et al., 1992), lung resistance protein (LRP) (Scheffer et al., 1995) and mutation of DNA topoisomerase II (Beck, 1989) also may render MDR.

The practice of the present invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of chemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, genetics, immunology, cell biology, cell culture and transgenic biology, which are within the skill of the art. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., 1982, Molecular Cloning (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.); Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, 2nd Ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.); Sambrook and Russell, 2001, Molecular Cloning, 3rd Ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.); Ausubel et al., 1992), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, including periodic updates); Glover, 1985, DNA Cloning (IRL Press, Oxford); Anand, 1992; Guthrie and Fink, 1991; Harlow and Lane, 1988, Antibodies, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.); Jakoby and Pastan, 1979; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription And Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Culture Of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc., N.Y.); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds., 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Methods In Enzymology, Vols. 154 and 155 (Wu et al. eds.), Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., Academic Press, London, 1987); Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986); Riott, Essential Immunology, 6th Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988; Hogan et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986); Westerfield, M., The zebrafish book. A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio), (4th Ed., Univ. of Oregon Press, Eugene, 2000).

EXAMPLES

The present invention is described by reference to the following Examples, which are offered by way of illustration and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Standard techniques well known in the art or the techniques specifically described below were utilized.

Example 1 Preparation of Double-Stranded RNA Oligonucleotides

Oligonucleotide Synthesis and Purification

RNA oligonucleotides were synthesized using solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry, deprotected and desalted on NAP-5 columns (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) using standard techniques (Damha and Olgivie, 1993; Wincott et al., 1995). The oligomers were purified using ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (IE-HPLC) on an Amersham Source 15Q column (1.0 cm×25 cm) (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) using a 15 min step-linear gradient. The gradient varied from 90:10 Buffers A:B to 52:48 Buffers A:B, where Buffer A was 100 mM Tris pH 8.5 and Buffer B was 100 mM Tris pH 8.5, 1 M NaCl. Samples were monitored at 260 nm and peaks corresponding to the full-length oligonucleotide species were collected, pooled, desalted on NAP-5 columns, and lyophilized.

The purity of each oligomer was determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE) on a Beckman PACE 5000 (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, Calif.). The CE capillaries had a 100 μm inner diameter and contained ssDNA 100R Gel (Beckman-Coulter). Typically, about 0.6 nmole of oligonucleotide was injected into a capillary, ran in an electric field of 444 V/cm and detected by UV absorbance at 260 nm. Denaturing Tris-Borate-7 M-urea running buffer was purchased from Beckman-Coulter. Oligoribonucleotides were at least 90% pure as assessed by CE for use in experiments described below. Compound identity was verified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy on a Voyager DE™ Biospectometry Work Station (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Relative molecular masses of all oligomers were within 0.2% of expected molecular mass.

Preparation of Duplexes

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) oligomers were resuspended at 100 μM concentration in duplex buffer consisting of 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. Complementary sense and antisense strands were mixed in equal molar amounts to yield a final solution of 50 μM duplex. Samples were heated to 95° C. for 5′ and allowed to cool to room temperature before use. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) oligomers were stored at −20° C. Single-stranded RNA oligomers were stored lyophilized or in nuclease-free water at −80° C.

Nomenclature

For consistency, the following nomenclature has been employed throughout the specification and Examples. Names given to duplexes indicate the length of the oligomers and the presence or absence of overhangs. A “21+2” duplex contains two RNA strands both of which are 21 nucleotides in length, also termed a 21mer siRNA duplex, and having a 2 base 3′-overhang. A “21-2” design is a 21mer siRNA duplex with a 2 base 5′-overhang. A 21-0 design is a 21mer siRNA duplex with no overhangs (blunt). A “21+2UU” is a 21mer duplex with 2-base 3′-overhang and the terminal 2 bases at the 3′-ends are both U residues (which may result in mismatch with target sequence). A “25/27” is an asymmetric duplex having a 25 base sense strand and a 27 base antisense strand with a 2-base 3′-overhang. A “27/25” is an asymmetric duplex having a 27 base sense strand and a 25 base antisense strand.

Example 2 Increased Potency of 25mers

This example demonstrates that dsRNAs having strands that are 25 nucleotides in length or longer have surprisingly increased potency in mammalian systems than known 21mer to 23mer siRNAs.

During investigations of the effects of different 5′ and 3′ end structures of dsRNAs made through bacteriophage T7 in vitro transcription (Kim et al., 2004), we observed that some seemed to have greater potency than synthetic 21mer siRNAs directed to the same target site, and that this property seemed to correlate with length. To further explore this phenomenon, we systematically studied the silencing properties of chemically synthesized duplex RNAs of different lengths and designs.

Cell Culture, Transfection, and EGFP Assays

HEK 293 cells were split in 24-well plates to 60% confluency in DMEM medium 1 d before transfection. After adding the aliquot of each RNA, 50 μl of Opti Media containing the reporter vectors was added. Next, 50 μl of Opti Media containing 1.5 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) was mixed and incubated for 15 min. The cells were then added in 0.4 ml of DMEM medium. To normalize for transfection efficiency, each assay included cotransfection of the target and/or duplex RNAs with either firefly luciferase or a red fluorescent protein (RFP) reporter plasmid (all other assays). For the luciferase assay, the Steady Glo Luciferase assay kit was used according to manufacturer's instructions (Promega). For RFP cotransfection, the indicated amount of EGFP reporter plasmid (pLEGFP-C1 vector, Clontech) was transfected with 20 ng of RFP reporter plasmid (pDsRed2-C1, BD Sciences). After 24 h, RFP expression was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Only experiments where transfection efficiency was >90% (as assessed by RFP expression) were evaluated. EGFP expression was measured 24 h later. EGFP expression was determined either from the median number of EGFP-fluorescent cells determined by FACS (live cells) or by fluorometer readings (cell extracts).

For EGFP assays using NIH3T3 cells stably expressing EGFP, measurements were determined using a VersaFluor Fluorometer (Bio-Rad) using excitation filter D490 and emission filter D520. Before transfections, cells were seeded to approximately 30% confluency in a 24-well plate. On day 0, cells were transfected as described above and the medium was changed on day 1 after transfection. The first EGFP assay was carried out on day 3. For extract preparation 1×10⁵ cells were taken and 1×10⁴ cells were further propagated for the day 6 EGFP assays. On days 6 and 9 the same procedure was repeated.

Extract measurements of EGFP were obtained as follows: 1×10⁵ cells were suspended in 300 μl of PBS and sonicated for 10 s followed by a 2-min microcentrifugation. The supernatants were used for fluorescence measurements. Percentages of EGFP expression were determined relative to extracts prepared from untreated NIH3T3 cells.

Nucleic Acid Reagents

The reporter system employed EGFP either as a transfection plasmid vector pEGFP-C1 (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) or as a stable transformant in an NIH 3T3 cell line. The coding sequence of EGFP is shown in Table 1, from Genbank accession #U55763. The ATG start codon and TAA stop codons are highlighted in bold font and sites target by siRNA reagents in this Example and other Examples are underscored.

TABLE 1 Nucleotide Sequence of EGFP atggtgagcaagggcgaggagctgttcaccggggtggtgcccatcctggt cgagctggacggcgacgtaaacggccacaagttcagcgtgtccggcgagg gcgagggcgatgccacctacggcaagctgaccctgaagttcatctgcacc accggcaagctgcccgtgccctggcccaccctcgtgaccaccctgaccta cggcgtgcagtgcttcagccgctaccccgaccacatgaagcagcacgact tcttcaagtccgccatgcccgaaggctacgtccaggagcgcaccatcttc ttcaaggacgacggcaactacaagacccgcgccgaggtgaagttcgaggg cgacaccctggtgaaccgcatcgagctgaagggcatcgacttcaaggagg acggcaacatcctggggcacaagctggagtacaactacaacagccacaac gtctatatcatggccgacaagcagaagaacggcatcaaggtgaacttcaa gatccgccacaacatcgaggacggcagcgtgcagctcgccgaccactacc agcagaacacccccatcggcgacggccccgtgctgctgcccgacaaccac tacctgagcacccagtccgccctgagcaaagaccccaacgagaagcgcga tcacatggtcctgctggagttcgtgaccgccgccgggatcactctcggca tggacgagctgtacaagtaa (SEQ ID NO: 1)

Site-1 used for siRNA targeting in EGFP for this example was:

SITE 1: (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCGGCAAGC 3′.

RNA duplexes were synthesized and prepared as described in Example 1. RNA duplexes targeting EGFP Site-1 are summarized in Table 2. Some sequences had the dinucleotide sequence “UU” placed at the 3′-end of the sense strand (Elbashir et al., 2001c; Hohjoh, 2002). Mismatches that resulted from including 3′-terminal “UU” or where a mismatch was intentionally positioned are highlighted in bold and underscored.

TABLE 2 Summary of Oligonucleotide Reagents, EGFP Site-1 Sequence Name SEQ ID NO. 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCGGCAAGC 3′ EGFP Site-1 SEQ ID NO: 2 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCA EGFPS1-21−2 SEQ ID No: 3 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAG SEQ ID NO: 4 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUC EGFPS1-21+0 SEQ ID No: 5 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAG SEQ ID No: 6 5′           CCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCAC EGFPS1-21+2(1) SEQ ID No: 7 3′         UGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG SEQ ID No: 8 5′          CCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCA EGFPS1-21+2(2) SEQ ID No: 9 3′        CUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUG SEQ ID No: 10 5′         ACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC EGFPS1-21+2(3) SEQ ID No: 11 3′       ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGU SEQ ID No: 12 5′        GACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCAC EGFPS1-21+2(4) SEQ ID No: 13 3′      GACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACG SEQ ID No: 14 5′       UGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCA EGFPS1-21+2(5) SEQ ID No: 15 3′     CGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGAC SEQ ID No: 16 5′      CUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGC EGFPS1-21+2(6) SEQ ID No: 17 3′    UCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGA SEQ ID No: 18 5′     GCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUG EGFPS1-21+2(7) SEQ ID No: 19 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAG SEQ ID No: 20 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAU U EGFPS1-23−2UU SEQ ID No: 21 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGAC SEQ ID No: 22 5′     GCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGUU EGFPS1-23+2UU SEQ ID No: 23 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGAC SEQ ID No: 24 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAU U U EGFPS1-24−2UU SEQ ID No: 25 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACG SEQ ID No: 26 5′     GCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCUU EGFPS1-24+2UU SEQ ID No: 27 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACG SEQ ID No: 28 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCU U EGFPS1-25−2UU SEQ ID No: 29 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGU SEQ ID No: 30 5′     GCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCAUU EGFPS1-25+2UU SEQ ID No: 31 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGU SEQ ID No: 32 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCAC EGFPS1-26+0 SEQ ID No: 33 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUG SEQ ID No: 34 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGC UU EGFPS1-26+0UU SEQ ID No: 35 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUG SEQ ID No: 36 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCU UU EGFPS1-26−2UU SEQ ID No: 37 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUG SEQ ID No: 38 5′     GCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACUU EGFPS1-26+2UU SEQ ID No: 39 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUG SEQ ID No: 40 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC EGFPS1-27+0 SEQ ID No: 41 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG SEQ ID No: 42 5′ F-AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC EGFPS1-27+0 SEQ ID No: 43 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG-F FAM #1 SEQ ID No: 44 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC-F EGFPS1-27+0 SEQ ID No: 45 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG-F FAM #2 SEQ ID No: 44 5′ F-AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC EGFPS1-27+0 SEQ ID No: 43 3′ F-UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG FAM #4 SEQ ID No: 46 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC-F EGFPS1-27+0 SEQ ID No: 45 3′ F-UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG FAM #5 SEQ ID No: 46 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCA UU EGFPS1-27+0UU SEQ ID No: 47 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG SEQ ID No: 48 5′ GCAAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUG UU EGFPS1-27−2UU SEQ ID No: 49 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG SEQ ID No: 50 5′     GCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCAC A UU EGFPS1-27+2UU/ SEQ ID No: 51 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG 25 SEQ ID No: 52 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAG A UCAUCUGCA UU EGFPS1-27+0UU/ SEQ ID No: 53 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUC U AGUAGACGUGG 16 SEQ ID No: 54 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAG AA CAUCUGCA UU EGFPS1-27+0UU/ SEQ ID No: 55 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUC UU GUAGACGUGG 16, 17 SEQ ID No: 56 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAA CAA CAUCUGCA UU EGFPS1-27+0UU/ SEQ ID No: 57 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUU GUU GUAGACGUGG 15, 16, 17 SEQ ID No: 58 5′   AAGCUGACCCUG UUCA UCAUCUGCACC EGFPS1-27+0-mut SEQ ID No: 59 3′   UUCGACUGGGAC AAGU AGUAGACGUGG SEQ ID No: 60 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCA EGFPS1-28+0 SEQ ID No: 61 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGU SEQ ID No: 62 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCAC EGFPS1-29+0 SEQ ID No: 63 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUG SEQ ID No: 64 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACC EGFPS1-30+0 SEQ ID No: 65 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGG SEQ ID No: 66 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCGGCAA EGFPS1-35+0 SEQ ID NO: 67 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGCCGUU SEQ ID NO: 68 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCGGCAAGCUGC EGFPS1-40+0 SEQ ID NO: 69 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGCCGUUCGACG SEQ ID NO: 70 5′   AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCGGCAAGCUGCCCGUG EGFPS1-45+0 SEQ ID NO: 71 3′   UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGCCGUUCGACGGGCAC SEQ ID NO: 72

Results

An expanded set of synthetic RNA duplexes of varying length containing 3′ overhangs, 5′ overhangs or blunt ends were tested for their relative potency in a model system targeting ‘site 1’ in EGFP (Kim et al., 2003). We carried out our initial transfections using 50 nM of the various RNA duplexes (FIG. 1A). The real potency of the longer duplexes was shown only when transfections were done at subnanomolar concentrations. Using duplex RNA concentrations of 200 pM (FIG. 1B) and 50 pM (FIG. 1C), we observed that potency increased with length. Blunt, 5′-overhanging and 3′-overhanging ends were of similar potency. Increased potencies of the longer duplex RNAs were observed even in the NIH3T3 cells stably expressing EGFP (FIG. 1F). Duplexes longer than 27 nt were synthesized and tested for RNAi efficacy (FIG. 1D). Maximal inhibitory activity was seen at a duplex length of 27 bp (FIG. 1D). Longer duplexes showed progressive loss of functional RNAi activity and by 40-45 bp were wholly inactive at the tested concentrations, which also correlated with poor in vitro cleavage of these duplexes by Dicer (FIG. 1E).

Example 3 Dicer Substrates

This example demonstrates a method for determining whether a dsRNA serves as a substrate for Dicer.

In Vitro Dicer Cleavage Assays

RNA duplexes (100 pmol) were incubated in 20 μl of 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 200 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl₂ with 1 unit of recombinant human Dicer (Stratagene) for 24 h. A 3 μl aliquot of each reaction (15 pmol RNA) was separated in a 15% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel, stained with GelStar (Ambrex) and visualized using UV excitation.

Results

Incubation of 21-bp to 27-bp RNA duplexes with recombinant human Dicer resulted in cleavage of the 23mer, 25mer and 27mer duplexes, but not the 21mer duplex (FIG. 2A). Determinations of relative efficiencies of Dicer cleavage were not possible under the in vitro conditions recommended by the supplier owing to the slow kinetics of this reaction. Aside from the possibility that the dsRNAs longer than 30 bp may need to be preprocessed by Drosha, a micro RNA processing enzyme, to be good substrates for Dicer, we do not have an explanation for why these longer dsRNAs are both poor substrates for Dicer and poor triggers for RNAi.

Example 4 Effect of End-Modification on Dicer Activity

The effect of end-modification of dsRNA was tested using the in vitro Dicer cleavage assay described in Example 3.

For the 27mer duplexes, we tested the effects of fluorescein end-modification on Dicer activity and the ability to trigger RNAi silencing. RNA oligonucleotides were synthesized for the EGFPS1 site with 6-carboxyfluorescein (6FAM) attached to the 5′ end of the sense (S) strand, 3′ end of the S-strand, 5′ end of the antisense (AS) strand and 3′ end of the AS strand. Pairwise combinations were used to make duplex RNAs (FIG. 2B). Duplex 3 was the unmodified wild-type EGFPS1 27+0 duplex. The structure of the 6FAM modified duplexes are shown in Table 2. RNA duplexes were incubated for 24 h with recombinant human Dicer, separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), stained and visualized by UV excitation (FIG. 2C). Unlike in earlier experiments, in which RNA duplexes were fully cleaved during a 24-h incubation (FIG. 2A), all of the modified duplexes showed some degree of resistance to cleavage by Dicer. Only the unmodified wild-type sequence (duplex 3) was fully cleaved in the in vitro Dicer reaction. The duplex bearing a 3′-6FAM on the S strand and a 3′-6FAM on the AS strand (duplex 5) was totally resistant to cleavage under these conditions. Functional potencies of these five duplexes were compared in EGFP cotransfection assays (FIG. 2D) using 200 pM RNA concentrations. Parallel to the patterns seen for in vitro Dicer cleavage, all of the 27mer duplexes with 6FAM-modified ends were less potent than the unmodified duplexes in reducing EGFP expression. Duplexes 1, 2 and 4, which showed partial cleavage with recombinant Dicer, had three- to six-fold reduced RNAi activity. Duplex 5, which showed no cleavage with recombinant Dicer, had minimal RNAi activity, establishing a direct correlation between the relative effectiveness of in vitro cleavage by Dicer and RNAi in cell culture.

Example 5 In vivo Processing by Dicer

This example confirms that the 27mer dsRNA are processed in vivo by Dicer.

Assay for Intracellular Processing of 27mer RNAs

RNA duplexes were transfected as described above into HEK293 cells in a six-well plate at 10 nM. After 14 h, total RNA was prepared as described below. First, 20 μg of total RNA was heated for 10 min at 75° C. and mixed with ³²P 5′-end-labeled oligonucleotide probe (5′-ACCCTGAAGTTCATCTGCACC-3′; SEQ ID NO:73) and hybridized in 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH. 7.4, 1 mM EDTA) at 24° C. Samples were loaded on 7.5% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel and separated at 200 V for 3 h at 4° C., and the gel was exposed to X-ray film. ³²P-end-labeled 27mer and 21mer duplex RNA oligos were used as size standards.

Results

To confirm that the 27mer dsRNAs are processed by Dicer in vivo, we transfected HEK293 cells with 10 nM of the duplex 3 (unmodified) or duplex 5 (both 3′ ends modified with 6FAM). After 14 h, total RNA was isolated and hybridized with a ³²P end labeled 21mer probe oligo (S strand). RNA was separated by nondenaturing PAGE and visualized by autoradiography (FIG. 2E). Similar to the results seen with in vitro Dicer cleavage, in RNA prepared from cells transfected with duplex 3 (unmodified 27mer), a smaller species was observed migrating with a 21mer duplex marker, consistent with Dicer cleavage product. This 21mer species was not detected in RNA from cells transfected with duplex 5 (3′ end-modified 27mer).

Example 6 Potency of dsRNAs

This example examines the potency of potential cleavage products of the 27mer by Dicer.

Cleavage of a 27mer by Dicer could result in a variety of distinct 21mers depending on where cleavage occurs; it is possible that one or a mix of these possible 21mers is significantly more potent than the specific 21mer that we used as our standard for comparison. To test this possibility we synthesized seven different 21mers that could be derived from the EGFPS1 27+0 duplex, walking in single-base steps along the antisense strand, using the traditional 21+2 design. These seven duplexes were tested for RNAi activity in the HEK293 cell cotransfection assay individually and as a pool (FIG. 3A). At concentrations of 50 or 200 pM, neither the individual 21mer duplexes nor the pooled set of seven 21mer duplexes showed activity comparable to the 27mer duplex. In vitro Dicer cleavage of the 27mers before transfection did not significantly enhance efficacy (FIG. 3B). As an additional control, we transfected a mutated EGFP 27mer duplex (Table 2), EGFPS1-27+0/mut) harboring four consecutive, centrally placed mismatched bases. The mismatches virtually eliminated any RNAi activity (FIG. 3B).

Example 7 Analysis of Dicer Cleavage Products

This example analyzed the in vitro Dicer cleavage products by mass spectroscopy.

Electrospray-Ionization Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Electrospray-ionization liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (ESI-LCMS) of duplex RNAs before and after treatment with Dicer were done using an Oligo HTCS system (Novatia), which consisted of ThermoFinnigan TSQ7000, Xcalibur data system, ProMass data processing software and Paradigm MS4 HPLC (Michrom BioResources). The liquid chromatography step used before injection into the mass spectrometer (LC-MS) removes most of the cations complexed with the nucleic acids; some sodium ions can remain bound to the RNA and are visualized as minor +22 or +44 species, reflecting the net mass gain seen with substitution of sodium for hydrogen.

Results

The species that are actually produced by incubation of the EGFPS1 27+0 duplex with recombinant Dicer in vitro were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) (FIGS. 4A and 4B). Calculated masses for each possible digestion product that could result from in vitro Dicer cleavage are shown in Table 3. The ESI MS analyses of the in vitro cleavage products are consistent with the known activity of this enzyme.

TABLE 3 Molecular Weights of Possible 2lmer Duplexes Derived from the 27mer Duplex by Dicer Processing Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt* 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (41) EGFPS1-27+0 8552 3′ UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG (42) 8689 5′ ACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (11) EGFPS1-21+2 (3) 6672** 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGU (12) 6816** 5′ GACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCAC (13) EGFPS1-21+2 (4) 6712** 3′ GACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACG (14) 6855 5′ UGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCA (15) EGFPS1-21+2 (5) 6713** 3′ CGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGAC (16) 6815** 5′ CUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGC (17) EGFPS1-21+2 (6) 6689 3′ UCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGA (18) 6816** 5′ GCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUG (19) EGFPS1-21+2 (7) 6729 3′ UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAG (20) 6793 *Molecular weight of 27mer is the original chemically synthesized duplex with hydroxyl ends. Calculated weights of 21mers assume 5′phosphate on each strand after Dicer Processing. **Indicates masses that were consistent with visualized peaks in FIG. 4B.

Example 8

Further Characterization of Inhibitory Properties of 27mer dsRNA

To further characterize the inhibitory properties of the 27 mer dsRNA in cells stably expressing the EGFP target, stably transfected NIH3T3 cells expressing EGFP were transfected with 21+2 and 27+0 dsRNA duplexes (both at 5 nM). To obtain a quantitative estimate of the duration of gene suppression, we carried out a time-course experiment, observing EGFP expression on days 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 after transfection. Cell extracts were prepared and measured for EGFP fluorescence using a fluorometer (FIG. 5A). EGFP suppression lasted approximately 4 d using the 21+2 siRNA, consistent with previous observations (Persengiev et al., 2004), whereas inhibition obtained with the 27+0 dsRNA persisted up to 10 d. This study shows the duration of the RNAi effect is at least about twice as long with the 27-mer dsRNA of the invention as with 21-mers. A class of ‘hyperfunctional’ 21+2 siRNAs has been reported showing a similar extended duration of silencing (Reynolds et al., 2004); however, these sequences are rare and difficult to find or predict. Use of the 27 mer dsRNA design may permit longer, more potent RNAi to be achieved at a greater variety of target sites.

Example 9 Effect of 27mer dsRNA on Site Selection

A frequent problem in using RNAi as a tool to systematically inhibit the expression of any gene is that not all target sites are equally susceptible to suppression by siRNAs (Sherer and Rossi, 2004), necessitating complex design algorithms to predict effective sites (Reynolds et al., 2004; Ui-Tei et al., 2004; Amarzguioui and Prydz, 2004). We therefore asked whether the increased potency of the 27mer dsRNA permits effective targeting at sites that are not active using traditional 21mer siRNAs. Duplex RNAs were made having 21+2 and 27+0 designs to two sites in EGFP (‘EGFP-S2’ and ‘EGFP-S3’) both previously shown to be refractory to RNAi using standard siRNAs (Kime and Rossi, 2003).

Nucleic Acid Reagents

The reporter system employed EGFP as in SEQ ID NO:1 above. Site-2 (also termed bad site I) and Site-3 (also termed bad site 2) in EGFP were targeted. RNA duplexes were synthesized and prepared as described in Example 1. Site-2 and Site 3 used for siRNA targeting in EGFP for this example were:

SITE 2: (SEQ ID NO: 74) 5′ UGAAGCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUCCGCCAUG 3′ and SITE 3: (SEQ ID NO: 75) 5′ UGAAGUUCGAGGGCGACACCCUGGUGAACCGCAU 3′.

RNA duplexes targeting EGFP Site-2 and EGFP Site-3 are summarized in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Summary of Oligonucleotide Reagents, EGFP Site-2 Sequence Name SEQ ID NO:  5′ UGAAGCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUCCGCCAUG 3′ EGFP Site-2 SEQ ID NO: 74 5′     GCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUU EGFPS2-21 + 2 SEQ ID NO: 76 3′  UUCGUCGUGCUGAAGAAGUUC SEQ ID NO: 77 5′  AAGCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUCCGCC EGFPS2-27 + 0 SEQ ID NO: 78 3′  UUCGUCGUGCUGAAGAAGUUCAGGCGG SEQ ID NO: 79 5′ UGAAGUUCGAGGGCGACACCCUGGUGAACCGCAU 3′ EGFP Site-3 SEQ ID NO: 75 5′     GUUCGAGGGCGACACCCUGUU EGFPS3-21 + 2 SEQ ID NO: 80 3′   UUCAAGCUCCCGCUCUGGGAC SEQ ID NO: 81 5′     GUUCGAGGGCGACACCCUGGUGAAC UU EGFPS3-27 + 0UU SEQ ID NO: 82 3′   UUCAAGCUCCCGCUCUGGGACCACUUGGC SEQ ID NO: 83

Results

The duplexes were transfected into HEK293 cells using the cotransfection assay format (FIG. 5B) at 1 nM and 10 nM. At these doses, standard 21+2 siRNAs were ineffective at both sites, whereas the 27mer dsRNAs reduced EGFP expression by 80-90% at EGFP-S2 and by 50% (1 nM) and 80% (10 nM) at EGFP-S3. Despite the increased potency of Dicer substrate dsRNAs, empirical testing of target sites is still useful to find the most sensitive targets for RNAi. In this regard, it is important that Dicer products of some 27mers generated poorly functional siRNAs. By better understanding Dicer substrate preferences, it should be possible to design substrate RNAs that will generate the desired 21 mers. We have observed that a two-base 3′ overhang on only one end of the 27mer will preferentially guide Dicer to cleave 21-23 nt upstream of the two-base 3′ overhang.

This example demonstrates that dsRNAs of the invention can efficiently target sites within the EGFP gene that were previously considered poor targets by previously known methods. Use of the method of the invention will therefore simplify site selection and design criteria for RNAi. This example also shows that the intentional placement of mismatches at the 3′-terminus of the sense strand increases the potency of the 27mer duplex.

Example 10 Effect of 27mer dsRNA on Other Genes

To ensure that the increased potency of the 27mer dsRNAs was not an artifact of targeting a reporter construct, we targeted two endogenous transcripts, human hnRNP H mRNA (Markovtsov et al., 2000) and mRNA encoding the La protein (Wolin and Cedervall, 2002).

RNAi Assays Against hnRNP H and La

HEK293 cells were plated to 30% confluency in a six-well plate. The next day, the cells were transfected with the indicated amount of dsRNA, and the medium was changed on the following day. The cells were harvested in 300 μl PBS 72 h after transfection. Extracts were prepared as described above for the EGFP assays. For western blots, 2 μl of cell extract was loaded on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. Endogenous hnRNP H was detected using a rabbit polyclonal anti-hnRNP H antibody (Markovtsov et al., 2000) and anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (Sigma). β-Actin was detected with a mouse-derived anti-actin antibody (Sigma) and anti-mouse antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase (Sigma). For northern blot analyses, harvested cells were mixed with RNA STAT-60 (Tel-Test B) and total RNA was extracted according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA was electrophoresed in a 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gel, transferred to a nylon membrane and probed with ³²P-end-labeled oligos (La, 5′-CCAAAGGTACCCAGCCTTCATCCAGTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:84); (3-actin, 5′-GTGAGGATGCCTCTCTTGCTCTGGGCCTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:85)). Hybridizations were carried out in 10 ml of hybridization solution (1 ml 50×Denhardt's, 3 ml 20×SSPE, 0.5 ml 10% SDS) for 3 h at 37° C. After hybridization, the blot was washed three times with 2×SSPE at 37° C.

Nucleic Acid Reagents

The coding sequence of Homo sapiens heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H (hnRPH) mRNA (Genbank accession No. NM_(—)005520) is shown in Table 5. The ATG start codon and TAA stop codons are highlighted in bold font and site target by siRNA reagents is underscored.

TABLE 5 Nucleotide Sequence of HNRPH (SEQ ID NO: 86) ttttttttttcgtcttagccacgcagaagtcgcgtgtctagtttgtttcgacgccggaccgcgtaagagacgatgat gttgggcacggaaggtggagagggattcgtggtgaaggtccggggcttgccctggtcttgctcggccgatgaagtgc agaggtttttttctgactgcaaaattcaaaatggggctcaaggtattcgtttcatctacaccagagaaggcagacca agtggcgaggcttttgttgaacttgaatcagaagatgaagtcaaattggccctgaaaaaagacagagaaactatggg acacagatatgttgaagtattcaagtcaaacaacgttgaaatggattgggtgttgaagcatactggtccaaatagtc ctgacacggccaatgatggctttgtacggcttagaggacttccctttggatgtagcaaggaagaaattgttcagttc ttctcagggttggaaatcgtgccaaatgggataacattgccggtggacttccaggggaggagtacgggggaggcctt cgtgcagtttgcttcacaggaaatagctgaaaaggctctaaagaaacacaaggaaagaatagggcacaggtatattg aaatctttaagagcagtagagctgaagttagaactcattatgatccaccacgaaagcttatggccatgcagcggcca ggtccttatgacagacctggggctggtagagggtataacagcattggcagaggagctggctttgagaggatgaggcg tggtgcttatggtggaggctatggaggctatgatgattacaatggctataatgatggctatggatttgggtcagata gatttggaagagacctcaattactgtttttcaggaatgtctgatcacagatacggggatggtggctctactttccag agcacaacaggacactgtgtacacatgcggggattaccttacagagctactgagaatgacatttataattttttttc accgctcaaccctgtgagagtacacattgaaattggtcctgatggcagagtaactggtgaagcagatgtcgagttcg caactcatgaagatgctgtggcagctatgtcaaaagacaaagcaaatatgcaacacagatatgtagaactcttcttg aattctacagcaggagcaagcggtggtgcttacgaacacagatatgtagaactcttcttgaattctacagcaggagc aagcggtggtgcttatggtagccaaatgatgggaggcatgggcttgtcaaaccagtccagctacgggggcccagcca gccagcagctgagtgggggttacggaggcggctacggtggccagagcagcatgagtggatacgaccaagttttacag gaaaactccagtgattttcaatcaaacattgcataggtaaccaaggagcagtgaacagcagctactacagtagtgga agccgtgcatctatgggcgtgaacggaatgggagggttgtctagcatgtccagtatgagtggtggatggggaatgta attgatcgatcctgatcactgactcttggtcaacctttttttttttttttttttctttaagaaaacttcagtttaac agtttctgcaatacaagcttgtgatttatgcttactctaagtggaaatcaggattgttatgaagacttaaggcccag tatttttgaatacaatactcatctaggatgtaacagtgaagctgagtaaactataactgttaaacttaagttccagc ttttctcaagttagttataggatgtacttaagcagtaagcgtatttaggtaaaagcagttgaattatgttaaatgtt gccctttgccacgttaaattgaacactgttttggatgcatgttgaaagacatgcttttattttttttgtaaaacaat ataggagctgtgtctactattaaaagtgaaacattttggcatgtttgttaattctagtttcatttaataacctgtaa ggcacgtaagtttaagctttttttttttttaagttaatgggaaaaatttgagacgcaataccaatacttaggatttt ggtcttggtgtttgtatgaaattctgaggccttgatttaaatctttcattgtattgtgatttccttttaggtatatt gcgctaagtgaaacttgtcaaataaatcctccttttaaaaactgc

The coding sequence of the La protein mRNA (Genbank accession No. NM_(—)005520) is shown in Table 6. The ATG start codon and TAA stop codons are highlighted in bold font and site target by siRNA reagents is underscored.

TABLE 6 Nucleotide Sequence of La Protein (SEQ ID NO: 87) ccggcggcgctgggaggtggagtcgttgctgttgctgtttgtgagcctgtggcgcggcttctgtgggccggaacctt aaagatagccgtaatggctgaaaatggtgataatgaaaagatggctgccctggaggccaaaatctgtcatcaaattg agtattattttggcgacttcaatttgccacgggacaagtttctaaaggaacagataaaactggatgaaggctgggta cctttggagataatgataaaattcaacaggttgaaccgtctaacaacagactttaatgtaattgtggaagcattgag caaatccaaggcagaactcatggaaatcagtgaagataaaactaaaatcagaaggtctccaagcaaacccctacctg aagtgactgatgagtataaaaatgatgtaaaaaacagatctgtttatattaaaggcttcccaactgatgcaactctt gatgacataaaagaatggttagaagataaaggtcaagtactaaatattcagatgagaagaacattgcataaagcatt taagggatcaatttttgttgtgtttgatagcattgaatctgctaagaaatttgtagagacccctggccagaagtaca aagaaacagacctgctaatacttttcaaggacgattactttgccaaaaaaaatgaagaaagaaaacaaaataaagtg gaagctaaattaagagctaaacaggagcaagaagcaaaacaaaagttagaagaagatgctgaaatgaaatctctaga agaaaagattggatgcttgctgaaattttcgggtgatttagatgatcagacctgtagagaagatttacacatacttt tctcaaatcatggtgaaataaaatggatagacttcgtcagaggagcaaaagaggggataattctatttaaagaaaaa gccaaggaagcattgggtaaagccaaagatgcaaataatggtaacctacaattaaggaacaaagaagtgacttggga agtactagaaggagaggtggaaaaagaagcactgaagaaaataatagaagaccaacaagaatccctaaacaaatgga agtcaaaaggtcgtagatttaaaggaaaaggaaagggtaataaagctgcccagcctgggtctggtaaaggaaaagta cagtttcagggcaagaaaacgaaatttgctagtgatgatgaacatgatgaacatgatgaaaatggtgcaactggacc tgtgaaaagagcaagagaagaaacagacaaagaagaacctgcatccaaacaacagaaaacagaaaatggtgctggag accagtagtttagtaaaccaattttttattcattttaaataggttttaaacgacttttgtttgcggggcttttaaaa ggaaaaccgaattaggtccacttcaatgtccacctgtgagaaaggaaaaatttttttgttgtttaacttgtcttttt gttatgcaaatgagatttctttgaatgtattgttctgtttgtgttatttcagatgattcaaatatcaaaaggaagat tcttccattaaattgcctttgtaatatgagaatgtattagtacaaactaactaataaaatatatactatatgaaaag agc

RNA duplexes were synthesized and prepared as described in Example 1. RNA duplexes targeting HNRPH1 are summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Summary of Oligonucleotide Reagents Sequence Name SEQ ID NO:  5′ GUUGAACUUGAAUCAGAAGAUGAAGUCAAAUUGGC 3′ HNRPH1 Site-1 SEQ ID No: 88 5′    CUUGAAUCAGAAGAUGAAGUU HNRPH1-21 + 2 SEQ ID No: 89 3′  UUGAACUUAGUCUUCUACUUC SEQ ID No: 90 5′   AACUUGAAUCAGAAGAUGAAGUCAAAU HNRPH1-27 + 0 SEQ ID No: 91 3′   UUGAACUUAGUCUUCUACUUCAGUUUA SEQ ID No: 92 5′ AUAAAACUGGAUGAAGGCUGGGUACCUUUGGAGAU 3′ La Site-1 SEQ ID NO: 93 5′       CUGGAUGAAGGCUGGGUACUU La-21 + 2 SEQ ID NO: 94 3′     UUGACCUACUUCCGACCCAUG SEQ ID NO: 95 5′     AACUGGAUGAAGGCUGGGUACCUUUUU La-21 + 2 SEQ ID NO: 96 3′     UUGACCUACUUCCGACCCAUGGAAACC SEQ ID NO: 97

Results

RNA duplexes were synthesized to target randomly chosen sites in the human hnRNP H mRNA (analyzed by western blotting) and the mRNA encoding the La protein (analyzed by northern blotting (FIGS. 5C and 5D). For both targets the 27mer duplex was more potent than the 21 mer siRNAs targeting these messages.

Example 11 Sequence Specificity of 27mer

As a test for the sequence specificity of the 27mer dsRNA, a series of 27+0 dsRNAs with one, two or three mismatches to the EGFP target mRNA were synthesized and tested at concentrations of 0 nM, 1 nM and 200 pM in the cotransfection assay (FIG. 6). The sequences of the mutated 27+0 dsRNAs are shown in Table 2. At 200 pM, each of the mismatched sequences was less potent than the wild-type 27mer dsRNA; the triple mismatch 27mer dsRNA was completely ineffective at triggering RNAi at all concentrations tested. Similar results were obtained using a 27mer dsRNA targeted to ‘site 2’ of EGFP.

Example 12 Lack of Interferon Response

This example demonstrates that the dsRNA duplexes of the invention do not activate the interferon response.

Interferon and PKR Assays

After transfection of 293 cells with 20 nM of each RNA as described previously, medium was collected after 24 h and used for ELISA assays of interferon α and β as previously described (Kim et al., 2004). The PKR activation assay was done as previously described (Gunnery and Mathews, 1998). PKR in the lysate was first activated by co-incubation of the indicated RNAs and radiolabeled by its auto-kinase reaction. The radiolabeled PKR was then immunoprecipitated for analysis. To determine the activity of PKR in the cell lysate without prior activation, dsRNA was omitted. The reaction was incubated at 30° C. for 20 min. PKR from the reaction was immunoprecipitated using polyclonal antibody. The polyclonal antibody was added to the reaction, which was then placed on ice for 1 h, followed by addition of 50 μl of 10% protein A-Sepharose in IPP500 (10 mM Tris, pH 8, 500 mM NaCl, 0.1% Nonidet P-40). This mixture was rocked for 30 min at 4° C. The protein A-Sepharose beads were washed with 1 ml IPP100 buffer (10 mM Tris, pH 8, 100 mM NaCl, 0.1% Nonidet P-40) five times. After the last wash, the beads were boiled in protein sample buffer and loaded onto an SDS-polyacrylamide gel followed by autoradiography.

Results

A potential problem in the use of the longer dsRNAs is activation of PKR and induction of interferons (Manche et al., 1992). We therefore assessed whether a transfected 27mer dsRNA activates interferon-α (FIG. 7A) or interferon-13 (FIG. 7B). As a positive control for interferon induction, we transfected a triphosphate-containing single-stranded RNA which potently activated interferon-α and -β, as reported previously (Kim et al., 2004). Neither cytokine was detected when either the 21+2 siRNA or 27+0 dsRNA was used. We have extended this observation to two other 27mer sequences specific for the EGFP-S2 and EGFP-S3 sites. PKR activation in cell lysates was also assayed as described previously (Gunnery and Mathews, 1998). The lysate was treated with the indicated RNAs, followed by immunoprecipitation. The positive control long dsRNA elicited PKR activation, but none of the shorter RNAs activated PKR (FIG. 7C).

Example 13 Asymmetric 27mer Duplex Design and Base Modifications can Influence Dicing Patterns and Allow Intelligent Design of 27mer

This examples demonstrates that multiple species are produced by Dicer action on the 27mer and that design of the 27mer and/or inclusion of base modifications can be employed to direct these degradation patterns, limit heterogeneity, and predict end products.

It was demonstrated in Example 6, FIGS. 3A and 3B that all of the individual 21mers that could be produced by Dicer action on the EGFPS1 27mer duplex are less potent in suppressing EGFP than the 27mer duplex. Nevertheless, which 21mers are produced can influence ultimate potency. An electrospray mass spectrometry assay was used to determine which 21mers are the actual products that result from enzymatic digestion of a 27mer substrate RNA by Dicer. More than one 21mer can result from Dicer digestion of the 27mer. Dicing patterns can be controlled, permitting intelligent design.

Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Assay of In Vitro Dicing Reactions

RNA duplexes (100 pmoles) were incubated in 20 μl of 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 200 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl₂ with 1 unit of recombinant human Dicer (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) for 12-24 hours. Electrospray-ionization liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (ESI-LCMS) of duplex RNAs pre- and post-treatment with Dicer were done using an Oligo HTCS system (Novatia, Princeton, N.J.), which consisted of ThermoFinnigan TSQ7000, Xcalibur data system, ProMass data processing software and Paradigm MS4™ HPLC (Michrom BioResources, Auburn, Calif.). The liquid chromatography step employed before injection into the mass spectrometer (LC-MS) removes most of the cations complexed with the nucleic acids; some sodium ion can remain bound to the RNA and are visualized as minor +22 or +44 species, which is the net mass gain seen with substitution of sodium for hydrogen. Accuracy of this assay is around +/−2 Daltons for oligonucleotides of this size.

Results

The EGFPS1-27+0 duplex was digested with Dicer and mass spectra were obtained pre-digestion (FIG. 8A) and post-digestion (FIG. 8B). In general, Dicer will cleave a 27mer duplex into 21mer length fragments with a 5′-phosphate. Lesser amounts of 22mers are also usually generated. Small amounts of 20mer and 23mers can also sometimes be observed. By comparing observed masses with the starting sequence, it can be deduced that 4 duplexes with 2-base 3′-overhangs and 5′-phosphate were produced in this dicing reaction. These species represent two major cleavage products, both of which resulted in 21mer and 22mer duplexes. Lower case “p” represents a phosphate group. Calculated masses for each possible digestion product that could result from in vitro Dicer cleavage are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Molecular Weights of Possible Duplexes Derived from the 27 mer Duplex by Dicer Processing Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (41) EGFPS1-27 + 0 L 8552 3′ UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG (42) 8689 5′      pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (11) EGFPS1-21 + 2 (3) 6672 3′     ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (12) 6816 5′     pGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (98) EGFPS1-22 + 2 (3) 7017 3′    GACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (99) 7161 5′    pUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCA (15) EGFPS1-21 + 2 (5) 6713 3′   CGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACp (16) 6815 5′   pCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCA (100) EGFPS1-22 + 2 (5) 7018 3′  UCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACp (101) 7121

It was demonstrated in Example 2, FIGS. 1A-1C that blunt duplexes or duplexes with 5′-overhangs can show similar or better potency than duplexes with 3′-overhangs. In these studies, both ends of the duplex were symmetric (i.e., both ends were blunt, both ends were 3′-overhang, or both ends were 5′-overhang). In similar studies, it was found that a blunt 27mer duplex with two bases mismatch at one end had higher potency than the symmetric blunt, 3′-overhang, or 5′-overhang species tested. The blunt duplex with 2-base mismatch on one end might mimic the behavior of an asymmetric duplex with a 2-base 3′-overhang on one end and blunt on the other end. Asymmetric 27mer duplexes of this kind were tested and found to have increased potency and fewer diced products (less heterogeneity) and resulted in a more predictable pattern.

The double-stranded RNA binding domains of many enzymes often specifically recognize RNA and not DNA or some modified RNAs. Insertion of DNA residues into the ends of blunt 27mer duplexes was studied. Asymmetric designs with DNA residues in the 3′-end of one strand resulted in fewer diced products (less heterogeneity) and generally produced a predicable pattern which was opposite that of the asymmetric 3′-overhang designs.

The EGFPS1-27+0 duplex was modified to have an asymmetric 3′-overhang on one side and 2 DNA bases at the 3′-end of the other side. A 5-phosphate was placed on the recessed strand at the 3-overhang to mimic dicer processing. The final duplex of this design is show below aligned with the original blunt 27mer. Lower case “t” represents DNA dT base and lower case “p” represents a phosphate group. Calculated masses are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Molecular Weights of Duplexes Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (41) EGFPS1-27 + 0 L 8552 3′ UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG (42) 8689 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (41) EGFPS1-27/25 L 8552 3′ ttCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (102) 8075

Mass spectra were obtained pre-digestion (FIG. 8C) and post-digestion (FIG. 8D). Analysis of the dicing products made from the modified asymmetric duplex was much simpler than for the symmetric duplex (compare FIGS. 8B with 8D). A single cleavage product was observed which was mostly 21mer duplex with small amounts of 22mer detectable. Lower case “t” represents DNA dT base and lower case “p” represents a phosphate group. Calculated masses are shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Molecular Weights of Possible Duplexes Derived from the 27 mer/25 mer Duplex by Dicer Processing Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (41) EGFPS1-27/25 L 8552 3′ ttCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (102) 8075 5′      pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (11) EGFPS1-21 + 2(3) 6672 3′     ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (12) 6816 3′    GACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (99) 7161

Use of asymmetric design with a single 2-base 3′-overhang and selective incorporation of DNA residues simplifies the dicing reaction to yield a single major cleavage product. This design additionally permits prediction of the dicing pattern and allows for intelligent design of 27mers such that specific, desired 21mers can be produced from dicing. As demonstration, a second 27mer duplex, EGFPS1-27-R was studied which overlaps the EGFPS1-27-L sequence. Calculated masses are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Molecular Weights of Duplexes Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (41) EGFPS1-27 + 0 L 8552 3′ UUCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGG (42) 8689 5′     UGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCG(103) EGFPS1-27 + 0 R 8528 3′     ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGC(104) 8728

Mass spectra were obtained pre-digestion (FIG. 9A) and post-digestion (FIG. 9B). Analysis of the dicing products made from the EGFPS1-27+0 R duplex showed a complex pattern similar to that seen with the EGFPS1-27+0 L duplex. Two major cleavage products were observed and both 21mer and 22mer species were present. Very minor 20mer species were also seen. Lower case “p” represents a phosphate group. Calculated masses for each possible digestion product that could result from in vitro Dicer cleavage are shown in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Molecular Weights of Possible Duplexes Derived from the 27 mer Duplex by Dicer Processing Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′ UGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCG (103) EGFPS1-27 + 0 R 8528 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGC (104) 8728 5′      pUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCG (105) EGFPS1-21 (1) R 6712 5′    pCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACC (106) EGFPS1-22 (3)R 6977 3′   UGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUp (107) 7178 5′  pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACC (108) EGFPS1-27 + 0 R 6672 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUp (109) 6816 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGp (110) EGFPS1-22 (5)R 7161

The EGFPS1-27+0-R duplex was converted to a DNA-modified, asymmetric 25/27mer duplex as shown below and this duplex was studied in the in vitro dicing assay. Lower case “cg” represents DNA dCdG base and lower case “p” represents a phosphate group. Calculated masses are shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Molecular Weights of Duplexes Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′ UGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACCG (103) EGFPS1-27 + 0 R 8528 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGC (104) 8728 5′  pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACcg (111) EGFPS1-25/27 R 7925 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGC (112) 8728

Mass spectra were obtained pre-digestion (FIG. 9C) and post-digestion (FIG. 9D). The DNA-modified asymmetric EGFPS1-25/25 R duplex showed a clean, single diced 21mer species, as summarized in Table 14. Lower case “p” represents a phosphate group.

TABLE 14 Molecular Weight of Possible Duplex Derived from the 25 mer/27 mer Duplex by Dicer Processing Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′  pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACcg (111) EGFPS1-25/27 R 7925 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGC (112) 8728 5′  pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (11) EGFPS1-21 + 2 (3) 6672 3′ ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (12) 6816

If the results of FIGS. 8D and 9D are compared, it can be seen that digestion of the two different asymmetric duplexes EGFPS1-27/25 L and EGFPS1-25/27R result in formation of the same 21mer species, EGFPS1-21(3). Lower case “t” or “cg” represents DNA bases and lower case “p” represents a phosphate group. Calculated masses are shown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Molecular Weights of Duplexes Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Name Mol Wt 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (41) EGFPS1-27/25 L 8552 3′ ttCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (102) 8075 5′      pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACcg (111) EGFPS1-25/27 R 7925 3′     ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGC (112) 8728 5′      pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC (11) EGFPS1-21 + 2(3) 6672 3′     ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp (12) 6816

Therefore use of the DNA-modified asymmetric duplex design as taught by the invention reduces complexity of the dicing reaction for 27mer RNA species and permits intelligent design of 27mers for use in RNAi such that it is possible to specifically target a desired location. Cleavage of the substrate 27mer by Dicer results in a unique, predictable 21mer wherein one end of the 21mer coincides with the 3′-overhang end of the substrate 27mer.

Example 14 Asymmetric 27mer Duplex Designs with Base Modifications can Improve Potency Over Blunt 27mers

This examples demonstrates that the new asymmetric RNA duplexes as taught by the invention, having a 2-base 3′-overhang on one side and blunt with 3-base 3′-DNA modification on the other side, can improve potency over blunt 27mer duplexes.

It was demonstrated in Example 13, FIGS. 8A-8D and 9A-9D, that use of asymmetric duplexes can direct dicing and result in a single major 21mer cleavage product. Further, the 27/25 L and 25/27 R asymmetric duplexes both result in the same 21mer duplex after dicing. Since the same 21mer duplex is produced from each of the two asymmetric 27mers, it would be anticipated by one skilled in the art that these compounds should functionally have similar potency. It is shown in this example that this is not the case and that the 25/27 R design unexpectedly has increased potency relative to both the 27/25 L duplex and the blunt 27+0 duplex.

RNA duplexes targeting EGFPS2 were co-transfected into HEK293 cells with an EGFP expression plasmid and assayed for EGFP activity after 24 hours incubation according to methods described above. Transfected duplexes are shown in Table 16. Lower case “p” represents a phosphate group and lower case bases “cc” and “gt” represent DNA bases while uppercase bases represent RNA.

TABLE 16 Transfected Duplexes Sequence Name SEQ ID NO: 5′       GCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUU EGFPS2-21 + 2 SEQ ID NO: 76 3′     UUCGUCGUGCUGAAGAAGUUC SEQ ID NO: 77 5′     AAGCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUCCGCC EGFPS2-27 + 0 SEQ ID NO: 78 3′     UUCGUCGUGCUGAAGAAGUUCAGGCGG SEQ ID NO: 79 5′ CAUGAAGCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUC EGFPS2-27/25 L SEQ ID NO: 113 3′ gtACUUCGUCGUGCUGAAGAAGUUCp SEQ ID NO: 114 5′      pGCAGCACGACUUCUUCAAGUCCGcc EGFPS2-25/27 R SEQ ID NO: 115 3′     UUCGUCGUGCUGAAGAAGUUCAGGCGG SEQ ID NO: 79

The EGFPS2-21+2 and EGFPS2-27+0 RNA duplexes were employed previously in Example 9. The EGFPS2-27/25 L and EGFPS2-25/27 R duplexes are new asymmetric dsRNAs designed according to the present invention and target the same site, site II of EGFP. In the in vitro dicing electrospray mass spectrometry assay as described in Example 13, both the EGFPS2-27/25 L and EGFPS2-25/27 R duplexes yield the same 21mer product after digestion by Dicer, similar to the EGFPS2-21+2 duplex.

Transfection results are shown in FIG. 10A. As previously shown, the EGFPS2-21+2 duplexes had minimal activity in suppressing EGFP expression while the 27+0 duplex showed significant inhibition. The 27/25 L duplex was slightly less potent than the 27+0 duplex and the 25/27 R duplex was most potent. Based upon the teaching of prior art, this finding is unexpected, since both of the asymmetric duplexes produce the same 21mer species following dicing.

Similar transfections were done using the EGFPS1 duplexes 27/25 L and 25/27 R. These duplexes produce the same 21mer product, the EGFPS1-21(3) duplex, after dicing (Example 13). Transfected duplexes are shown in Table 17. Lower case “p” represents a phosphate group and lower case bases “tt” represent DNA bases while uppercase bases represent RNA.

TABLE 17 Transfected Duplexes Sequence Name SEQ ID NO: 5′ AAGCUGACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACC EGFPS1-27/25 L SEQ ID NO: 41 3′ ttCGACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUp SEQ ID NO: 102 5′      pACCCUGAAGUUCAUCUGCACCACcg EGFPS1-25/27 R SEQ ID NO: 111 3′     ACUGGGACUUCAAGUAGACGUGGUGGC SEQ ID NO: 112

EGFP expression after transfection is shown in FIG. 10B. As before, the 25/27 R duplex was significantly more potent than the 27/25 L duplex in reducing EGFP expression. In a similar experiment in which the blunt ended 27mer was compared with 25/27 R duplex and 27/25 L duplex, it was found that the dsRNAs had the following potencies:

-   -   25/27 R duplex>27/25 L duplex>27mer.

27mer duplex RNAs can show significantly higher potency than 21mer duplexes in suppressing targeted gene expression. The blunt 27mers can result in a variety of 21mer species after dicing, so precise performance of a blunt 27mer duplex cannot always be predicted. The novel asymmetric duplexes of the present invention wherein one side of the duplex has a 2-base 3′-overhang and the other side is blunt and has base modifications, such as DNA, at the 3′-end, force dicing to occur in a predictable way so that precise 21mers result. These asymmetric duplexes, i.e., 27/25 L and 25/27 R, are each also more potent than the 21mers. The asymmetric 25/27 R design is the most potent embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is an illustration comparing the embodiments of the present invention. The target gene sequence is illustrated by SEQ ID NO:116. The “typical” parent 21mer used as an siRNA molecule is shown aligned with the target gene sequence. Aligned with the target gene and parent 21mer sequences is the L 27mer v2.1 containing a 3′ overhang on the sense strand and two DNA bases at the 3′ end of the antisense strand. The diced cleavage product is also shown. This alignment illustrates the left shift in designing these precursor RNAi molecules. Also aligned with the target gene and parent 21mer sequences is the R 27mer v2.1 containing a 3′ overhang on the antisense strand and two DNA bases at the 3′ end of the sense strand. The diced cleavage product is also shown. This alignment illustrates the right shift in designing these precursor RNAi molecules.

Example 15 Determination of Effective Dose

This example demonstrates a method for determining an effective dose of the dsRNA of the invention in a mammal. A therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a sequence that encodes a dsRNA, (i.e., an effective dosage), is an amount that inhibits expression of the product of the target gene by at least 10 percent. Higher percentages of inhibition, e.g., 20, 50, 90 95, 99 percent or higher may be desirable in certain circumstances. Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of the molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 0.5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram). The compositions can be administered one or more times per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, e.g., between 2 to 8 weeks, or between about 3 to 7 weeks, or for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks, as deemed necessary by the attending physician. Treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments.

Appropriate doses of a particular dsRNA composition depend upon the potency of the molecule with respect to the expression or activity to be modulated. One or more of these molecules can be administered to an animal, particularly a mammal, and especially humans, to modulate expression or activity of one or more target genes. A physician may, for example, prescribe a relatively low dose at first, subsequently increasing the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of other factors including the severity of the disease, previous treatment regimen, other diseases present, off-target effects of the active agent, age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the patient, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, any drug combination, and the degree of expression or activity to be modulated.

The efficacy of treatment can be monitored by measuring the amount of the target gene mRNA (e.g. using real time PCR) or the amount of product encoded by the target gene such as by Western blot analysis. In addition, the attending physician can monitor the symptoms associated with the disease or disorder afflicting the patient and compare with those symptoms recorded prior to the initiation of treatment.

It is clear from recent studies that the effects of RNAi are not entirely specific and that undesired ‘off-target’ effects can occur of a magnitude dependent on the concentration of siRNA (Persengiev et al., 2004). The new Dicer substrate dsRNA approach may facilitate use of lower concentrations of duplex RNA than are needed with traditional 21mer siRNAs. It is clear from published data that ‘off-target’ effects can occur in certain cell lines using 21mer siRNAs (Persengiev et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2003), but these also can be minimized by using reagents that have efficacy in the low to subnanomolar range (Persengiev et al., 2004). To examine the potential for ‘off-target’ effects using Dicer substrate dsRNAs, we carried out microarray analyses comparing an siRNA 21mer with the 27mer, each targeting EGFP site 1. NIH3T3 cells that stably express EGFP were transfected with concentrations of siRNA that give effective target knockdowns (FIG. 2A, FIG. 7D). Total cellular RNAs were prepared from cells 24 and 48 h after transfection and analyzed by hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray as described in FIG. 7D. Among the 16,282 mouse genes analyzed, only a small fraction showed upregulation or downregulation more than twofold above or below control values (FIG. 7D). The 27mer and 21mer gave comparable results at their effective RNAi concentrations. There was an increase in the number of transcripts upregulated when the 27mer was used at the higher 25 nM concentration, but comparisons of the targets affected at 24 versus 48 h and at 5 nM versus 25 nM showed no overlap. Rather than specific ‘off-target’ effects, these changes are more consistent with statistical scatter among the 16,282 genes examined. The same assay was repeated using the EGFP-S2 27+0 duplex RNA with comparable results.

Given the increase in potency of the 27mer dsRNAs relative to 21+2 siRNAs, it is of interest that this observation has not been previously reported. Although others have used dsRNAs of up to 27 bp for RNAi studies in mammalian cells (Bohula et al., 2003; Caplen et al., 2001), no differences in efficacy were reported as compared with traditional 21+2 duplexes. This discrepancy between previous studies and our own may simply be due to differences in the concentration of dsRNAs tested. “Good” sites for 21mer siRNAs can have potencies in the nanomolar range (Reynolds et al., 2004). When ‘good’ sites are tested at high concentrations of transfected RNA, differences between 21mer siRNAs and 27mer dsRNAs will most likely be small and easily overlooked. Marked differences in potency are best shown by testing at low nanomolar or picomolar concentrations, something that is not routinely done in most laboratories.

Thus far, the 27mer dsRNA design has shown increased RNAi potency relative to 21+2 siRNAs at every site examined. Within the set of 27mers studied here, however, a range of potencies is nevertheless seen between different target sites within the same gene (FIG. 3B). We have shown that, even in the absence of fully optimized design rules, use of Dicer substrate dsRNA approach can increase RNAi potency relative to traditional 21+2 siRNAs. Additionally, the use of 27mer dsRNAs allows targeting of some sites within a given sequence that are refractory to suppression with traditional 21 mer siRNAs. Use of Dicer substrate dsRNAs to trigger RNAi should result in enhanced efficacy and longer duration of RNAi at lower concentrations of RNA than are required for 21+2 applications. Consistent with our results linking Dicer cleavage to enhanced RNAi efficacy, it has recently been shown that chemically synthesized hairpin RNAs that are substrates for Dicer are more potent inducers of RNAi than conventional siRNAs and, moreover, that a two-base 3′ overhang directs Dicer cleavage (Siolas et al., 2005).

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

Embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated double stranded nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the double stranded nucleic acid comprises first and second oligonucleotide strands, each strand comprising ribonucleotides, having a 5′ terminus and a 3′ terminus and having a length which is at least 25 and at most 30 nucleotides, wherein said second strand comprises a sequence complementary to a target mRNA of a target gene, wherein said double-stranded nucleic acid comprises a duplex region of at least 25 nucleotides in length, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid is present in said pharmaceutical composition in an amount effective to reduce target gene expression when said pharmaceutical composition is administered to a mammal.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said second oligonucleotide strand of said isolated double stranded nucleic acid is complementary to the target mRNA along at least 19 nucleotides of said second oligonucleotide strand length.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said effective amount of said double stranded nucleic acid in said pharmaceutical composition is a dosage selected from the group consisting of 1 microgram to 5 milligrams per kilogram of said subject per day, 100 micrograms to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram, 0.001 to 0.25 milligrams per kilogram, 0.01 to 20 micrograms per kilogram, 0.01 to 10 micrograms per kilogram, 0.10 to 5 micrograms per kilogram, and 0.10 to 2.5 micrograms per kilogram.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is at least one and at most four nucleotides longer at its 3′ terminus than said first strand of said double stranded nucleic acid.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is two nucleotides longer at its 3′ terminus than said first strand of said double stranded nucleic acid.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said first and second strands of said double stranded nucleic acid comprise the same number of nucleotide residues.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein starting from the first nucleotide (position 1) at the 3′ terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand of said double stranded nucleic acid, position 1, 2 and/or 3 is substituted with a modified nucleotide.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein said modified nucleotide residue of said 3′ terminus of said first strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of a deoxyribonucleotide, an acyclonucleotide and a fluorescent molecule.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein position 1 of said 3′ terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is a deoxyribonucleotide.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein positions 1 and 2 of said 3′ terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand of said double stranded nucleic acid are deoxyribonucleotides.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid form a blunt end.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein said blunt end formed by said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is a base-paired blunt end.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said first strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is 25 nucleotides in length and said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is 27 nucleotides in length.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid is cleaved endogenously in a mammalian cell to produce a double stranded nucleic acid of a length in the range of 19-23 nucleotides that reduces target gene expression.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is fully complementary to the target mRNA.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said 5′ terminus of each of said first and said second strands of said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a 5′ phosphate.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the relative length in nucleotide residues of said second and first strands of said double stranded nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of: second strand 26-30 nucleotide residues in length and said first strand 25 nucleotide residues in length; second strand 27-30 nucleotide residues in length and said first strand 26 nucleotide residues in length, second strand 28-30 nucleotide residues in length and first strand 27 nucleotide residues in length, second strand 29-30 nucleotide residues in length and first strand 28 nucleotide residues in length, and second strand 30 nucleotide residues in length and first strand 29 nucleotide residues in length.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the first and second strands of said double stranded nucleic acid are joined by a chemical linker.
 19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid are joined by a chemical linker.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein a nucleotide of said second or first strand of said double stranded nucleic acid is substituted with a modified nucleotide that directs the orientation of Dicer cleavage.
 21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a modified nucleotide selected from the group consisting of a deoxyribonucleotide, a dideoxyribonucleotide, an acyclonucleotide, a 3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), a 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), a 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI), a 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC), a 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T), a monophosphate nucleotide of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), a 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC) and a monophosphate nucleotide of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T), a 4-thiouracil, a 5-bromouracil, a 5-iodouracil, a 5-(3-aminoallyl)-uracil, a 2′-O-alkyl ribonucleotide, a 2′-O-methyl ribonucleotide, a 2′-amino ribonucleotide, a 2′-fluoro ribonucleotide, and a locked nucleic acid.
 22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a phosphate backbone modification selected from the group consisting of a phosphonate, a phosphorothioate and a phosphotriester.
 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated double stranded nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the double stranded nucleic acid comprises first and second oligonucleotide strands, each strand comprising ribonucleotides and having a 5′ terminus and a 3′ terminus, wherein said first strand has a length which is at least 25 and at most 30 nucleotides and starting from the first nucleotide (position 1) at the 3′ terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand, position 1, 2 and/or 3 is substituted with a modified nucleotide, wherein said second strand is at least one and at most four nucleotides longer at its 3′ terminus than said first strand and forms a blunt end at its 5′ terminus with said 3′ terminus of said first strand, wherein said second strand comprises a sequence complementary to a target mRNA of a target gene, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a duplex region of at least 25 nucleotides in length, and wherein said double stranded nucleic acid is present in said pharmaceutical composition in an amount effective to reduce target gene expression when said pharmaceutical composition is administered to a mammal.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein said effective amount of said double stranded nucleic acid in said pharmaceutical composition is a dosage selected from the group consisting of 1 microgram to 5 milligrams per kilogram of said subject per day, 100 micrograms to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram, 0.001 to 0.25 milligrams per kilogram, 0.01 to 20 micrograms per kilogram, 0.01 to 10 micrograms per kilogram, 0.10 to 5 micrograms per kilogram, and 0.10 to 2.5 micrograms per kilogram.
 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid form a blunt end.
 26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein said 5′ terminus of each of said first and said second strands of said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a 5′ phosphate.
 27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a phosphate backbone modification selected from the group consisting of a phosphonate, a phosphorothioate and a phosphotriester.
 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated double stranded nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the double stranded nucleic acid comprises first and second oligonucleotide strands, each strand comprising ribonucleotides and having a 5′ terminus and a 3′ terminus, wherein said first strand has a length which is at least 25 and at most 29 nucleotides and said second strand has a length which is at most 30 nucleotides, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand form a blunt end and said second strand is at least one and at most four nucleotides longer at its 3′ terminus than said first strand, wherein said second strand comprises a sequence complementary to a target mRNA of a target gene, and wherein said double stranded nucleic acid is present in said pharmaceutical composition in an amount effective to reduce target gene expression when said pharmaceutical composition is administered to a mammal.
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein starting from the first nucleotide (position 1) at the 3′ terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand of said isolated double stranded nucleic acid, position 1, 2 and/or 3 is substituted with a modified nucleotide.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a duplex region of at least 26 nucleotides in length.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein said effective amount of said double stranded nucleic acid in said pharmaceutical composition is a dosage selected from the group consisting of 1 microgram to 5 milligrams per kilogram of said subject per day, 100 micrograms to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram, 0.001 to 0.25 milligrams per kilogram, 0.01 to 20 micrograms per kilogram, 0.01 to 10 micrograms per kilogram, 0.10 to 5 micrograms per kilogram, and 0.10 to 2.5 micrograms per kilogram.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid form a blunt end.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein said 5′ terminus of each of said first and said second strands of said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a 5′ phosphate.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a phosphate backbone modification selected from the group consisting of a phosphonate, a phosphorothioate and a phosphotriester.
 35. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated double stranded nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the double stranded nucleic acid comprises first and second oligonucleotide strands, each strand comprising ribonucleotides and having a 5′ terminus and a 3′ terminus, wherein said first strand has a length which is at least 25 and at most 29 nucleotides and starting from the first nucleotide (position 1) at the 3′ terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand, position 1, 2 and/or 3 is substituted with a modified nucleotide and wherein said second strand has a length which is at most 30 nucleotides, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand form a blunt end and said second strand is at least one and at most four nucleotides longer at its 3′ terminus than said first strand, wherein said second strand comprises a sequence complementary to a target mRNA of a target gene, and wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a duplex region of at least 25 nucleotides in length and is present in said pharmaceutical composition in an amount effective to reduce target gene expression when said pharmaceutical composition is administered to a mammal.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein said effective amount of said double stranded nucleic acid in said pharmaceutical composition is a dosage selected from the group consisting of 1 microgram to 5 milligrams per kilogram of said subject per day, 100 micrograms to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram, 0.001 to 0.25 milligrams per kilogram, 0.01 to 20 micrograms per kilogram, 0.01 to 10 micrograms per kilogram, 0.10 to 5 micrograms per kilogram, and 0.10 to 2.5 micrograms per kilogram.
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid form a blunt end.
 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein said 5′ terminus of each of said first and said second strands of said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a 5′ phosphate.
 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a phosphate backbone modification selected from the group consisting of a phosphonate, a phosphorothioate and a phosphotriester.
 40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated double stranded nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the double stranded nucleic acid comprises first and second oligonucleotide strands, each strand comprising ribonucleotides and having a 5′ terminus and a 3′ terminus, wherein said first strand is 25 nucleotides in length and starting from the first nucleotide (position 1) at the 3′ terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand, position 1, 2 and/or 3 is substituted with a modified nucleotide and wherein said second strand is 27 nucleotides in length, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand form a blunt end and said second strand is two nucleotides longer at its 3′ terminus than said first strand, wherein said second strand comprises a sequence complementary to a target mRNA of a target gene, and wherein said double stranded nucleic acid is present in said pharmaceutical composition in an amount effective to reduce target gene expression when said pharmaceutical composition is administered to a mammal.
 41. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 40, wherein said effective amount of said double stranded nucleic acid in said pharmaceutical composition is a dosage selected from the group consisting of 1 microgram to 5 milligrams per kilogram of said subject per day, 100 micrograms to 0.5 milligrams per kilogram, 0.001 to 0.25 milligrams per kilogram, 0.01 to 20 micrograms per kilogram, 0.01 to 10 micrograms per kilogram, 0.10 to 5 micrograms per kilogram, and 0.10 to 2.5 micrograms per kilogram.
 42. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 40, wherein said 3′ terminus of said first strand and said 5′ terminus of said second strand of said double stranded nucleic acid form a blunt end.
 43. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 40, wherein said 5′ terminus of each of said first and said second strands of said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a 5′ phosphate.
 44. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 40, wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a phosphate backbone modification selected from the group consisting of a phosphonate, a phosphorothioate and a phosphotriester.
 45. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said first strand of said double stranded nucleic acid has a length which is at least 26 nucleotides and at most 30 nucleotides, and wherein said double stranded nucleic acid comprises a duplex region of at least 26 nucleotides in length. 